An Overview of Artificial Insemination: A Journey from Past to Present
Prachi Sharma *
Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Kamdhenu University Anand, 388001, Gujarat, India.
Damini Arya
Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G B Pant University of Agri. & Tech.Pantnagar-263145, Uttarakhand, India.
Anjali Arya
Department of Livestock Production Management, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Kamdhenu University Anand, 388001, Gujarat, India.
Shilpa Doultani
Department of Zoology, Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat-380009, India.
K. K. Hadiya
Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Kamdhenu University Anand, 388001, Gujarat, India.
L.B. George
Department of Zoology, Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat-380009, India.
H. N. Highland
Department of Zoology, Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, Gujarat-380009, India.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Artificial insemination (AI) has a rich history spanning centuries, beginning with early experiments in plant and animal reproduction. This article traces the development of AI from its earliest recorded instances in 1322 A.D. to modern-day advancements. Notable pioneers such as Spallanzani, Hunter, and Ivanoff contributed significantly to the evolution of AI techniques. The introduction of AI across various animal species, including cattle, horses, sheep, goats, pigs, and poultry, revolutionized breeding practices worldwide. Key milestones include the development of semen extenders, the invention of artificial vaginas for semen collection, and the advent of cryopreservation techniques. Moreover, advancements in sperm quality assessment and estrous synchronization further enhanced AI efficiency. The introduction of sexed semen technology has provided a means to control offspring gender, offering new avenues for genetic selection. Overall, AI has played a crucial role in improving livestock genetics, disease control, and reproductive efficiency, making significant contributions to agricultural productivity and sustainability.
Keywords: Artificial Insemination, estrous, livestock, selection, semen, extender