Probabilistic Human Health Risk Assessment of Fe, As and Mn in the Groundwater of Dhamrai Upazila, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Journal of Scientific Research and Reports,
Page 1-11
DOI:
10.9734/jsrr/2021/v27i430374
Abstract
In Bangladesh, groundwater is the most important source of potable water. This study aims to investigate the amount of Fe, Mn and As in groundwater and to assess the health risks through oral ingestion of these trace metals. Groundwater samples were collected from 20 sample sites throughout the Baishakanda union, Dhamrai upazila for source appointment and risk assessment studies. The concentrations of Fe, Mn, and As were measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Mean concentration of trace metal level in respectively descending order as Fe>Mn>As. The study found an average concentration of Fe (1.8 mg/L), Mn (0.74mg/L), and As (0.038 mg/L) in the groundwater sample where the mean value of Fe and Mn exceeds the DoE, WHO, and USEPA standards limit. On the other hand, the mean concentration value of As exceeds the WHO and USEPA standards limit. The non-carcinogenic human health risk was calculated by justifying HQ (Hazard Quotient) and HI (Hazard Index).A child (11.4056) is more vulnerable to non-carcinogenic human health risk than an adult (5.3769). Furthermore, As pollution in groundwater samples was found to pose a high carcinogenic risk, with children (3.84×10-3) being more vulnerable to carcinogenic risk than adults (1.81×10-3).The research area's groundwater was with a significant level of non-carcinogenic as well as cancer-risk (As) susceptibility in the local population.
Keywords:
- Hazard Quotient (HQ)
- Hazard Index (HI)
- carcinogenic risk
- health risk assessment
- Bangladesh
How to Cite
Akter, S., Brahma, P. P., Tasneem, A., & Uddin, M. K. (2021). Probabilistic Human Health Risk Assessment of Fe, As and Mn in the Groundwater of Dhamrai Upazila, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Journal of Scientific Research and Reports, 27(4), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2021/v27i430374
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Wongsasuluk P, Chotpantarat S, Siriwong W, Robson M. Heavy metal contamination and human health risk assessment in drinking water from shallow groundwater wells in an agricultural area in Ubon Ratchathani province, Thailand. Environ Geochem Health. 2014;36(1):169– 82.
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[Cited 2021 May 2];
Available:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31146317/
Wen X, Lu J, Wu J, Lin Y, Luo Y. Influence of coastal groundwater salinization on the distribution and risks of heavy metals. Sci Total Environ [Internet]. 2019;652:267–77.
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Available:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30366327/
Rahman MM, Bodrud-Doza M, Muhib MI, Binte KF, Hossain MS, Akter S, et al. Human health risk assessment of nitrate and trace metals via groundwater in Central Bangladesh. Pollution. 2020;6(2):253–66.
Shamsudduha M, Joseph G, Haque SS, Khan MR, Zahid A, Ahmed KMU. Multi-hazard groundwater risks to the drinking water supply in Bangladesh: Challenges to achieving the sustainable development goals. Multi-Hazard Groundw Risks to Drink Water Supply Bangladesh Challenges to Achiev Sustain Dev Goals; 2019.
Shahid S, Chen X, Hazarika M. Evaluation of groundwater quality for irrigation in Bangladesh using Geographic information system. J Hydrol Hydromechanics. 2006;54(1):3–14.
Panaskar DB, Wagh VM, Muley AA, Mukate SV, Pawar RS, Aamalawar ML. Evaluating groundwater suitability for the domestic, irrigation, and industrial purposes in Nanded Tehsil, Maharashtra, India, using GIS and statistics. Arab J Geosci [Internet]. 2016;9(13):1–16.
[Cited 2021 Apr 11]
Available:https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12517-016-2641-1
Rahman MM, Sultana R, Shammi M, Bikash J, Ahmed T, Maruo M, et al. Assessment of the status of groundwater arsenic at singair upazila, Manikganj Bangladesh; Exploring the correlation with other metals and ions. Expo Heal. 2016;8(2):217–25.
Sharma C, Mahajan A, Kumar Garg U. Fluoride and nitrate in groundwater of south-western Punjab, India—occurrence, distribution and statistical analysis. Desalin Water Treat. 2016;57(9):3928– 39.
Ravindra K, Mor S. Distribution and health risk assessment of arsenic and selected heavy metals in Groundwater of Chandigarh, India. Environ Pollut [Internet]. 2019;250:820–30.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.080
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Available:http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/District Statistics/Dhaka.pdf
Hasan M, Islam MA, Aziz Hasan M, Alam MJ, Peas MH. Groundwater vulnerability assessment in Savar upazila of Dhaka district, Bangladesh — A GIS-based DRASTIC modeling. Groundw Sustain Dev [Internet]. 2019;9:100220.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2019.100220
Acharya S, Rijal ML. Distribution of industrial effluents in groundwater and surface water in the surroundings of Lumbini Sugar Industry, Sunwal. Bull Nepal Hydrogeol Assoc. 2020;5:105– 17.
Kavcar P, Sofuoglu A, Sofuoglu SC. A health risk assessment for exposure to trace metals via drinking water ingestion pathway. Int J Hyg Environ Health [Internet]. 2009;212(2):216–27.
[Cited 2021 Apr 12].
Available:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18602865/
Muhib MI, Chowdhury MAZ, Easha NJ, Rahman MM, Shammi M, Fardous Z, et al. Investigation of heavy metal contents in cow milk samples from area of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Int J Food Contam [Internet]. 2016;3(1):16.
[Cited 2021 Apr 12];
Available:https://foodcontaminationjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40550-016-0039-1
Wasserman GA, Liu X, Parvez F, Ahsan H, Levy D, Factor-Litvak P, et al. Water manganese exposure and children’s intellectual function in Araihazar, Bangladesh. Environ Health Perspect. 2006;114(1):124–9.
Merrill RD, Shamim AA, Ali H, Jahan N, Labrique AB, Schulze K, et al. Iron status of women is associated with the iron concentration of potable groundwater in rural Bangladesh. J Nutr [Internet]. 2011;141(5):944–9.
[Cited 2021 Apr 12];
Available:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21451130/
Heming N, Montravers P, Lasocki S. Iron deficiency in critically ill patients: Highlighting the role of hepcidin [Internet]. Vol. 15, Critical Care. BioMed Central. 2011;210.
[Cited 2021 Apr 12].
Available:/pmc/articles/PMC3219406/
El Midaoui A, Elhannouni F, Taky M, Chay L, Menkouchi Sahli MA, Echihabi L, et al. Optimization of nitrate removal operation from ground water by electrodialysis. Sep Purif Technol. 2002;29(3):235–44.
Momot O, Synzynys B. Toxic aluminium and heavy metals in groundwater of Middle Russia: Health risk assessment. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2005;2(2):214–8.
Wu B, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Cheng S. Health risk from exposure of organic pollutants through drinking water consumption in Nanjing, China. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2010;84(1):46–50.
Bortey-Sam N, Nakayama SMM, Ikenaka Y, Akoto O, Baidoo E, Mizukawa H, et al. Health risk assessment of heavy metals and metalloid in drinking water from communities near gold mines in Tarkwa, Ghana. Environ Monit Assess. 2015;187(7):1–12.
BBS. Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh- 2011 [Internet]. 31st ed. Bangladesh Burea of Statistics. Ministry of Planning, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh. 2011;1–532.
Available:http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/LatestReports/YB2011.pdf
Rodger BB, Andrew DE, Eugene WR. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 23rd ed. Vol. 58, American Public Health Association. 2012;7250–7257.
USEPA. National primary/secondary and drinking water regulations. [Internet]. Washinton. D. C. Washington, D.C.; 2009.
Available:https://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/drinking-water-regulations
Lim HS, Lee JS, Chon HT, Sager M. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in the vicinity of the abandoned Songcheon Au-Ag mine in Korea. J Geochemical Explor. 2008;96(2–3):223–30.
Liu N, Ni T, Xia J, Dai M, He C, Lu G. Non-carcinogenic risks induced by metals in drinking source water of Jiangsu Province, China. Environ Monit Assess. 2011;177(1–4):449–56.
USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency). A risk assessment-multiway exposure spreadsheet calculation tool. United States Environmental Protection Agency; 1999.
Giri S, Singh AK. Human health risk assessment via drinking water pathway due to metal contamination in the groundwater of Subarnarekha River Basin, India. Environ Monit Assess. 2015;187(3).
Wongsasuluk P, Chotpantarat S, Siriwong W, Robson M. Heavy metal contamination and human health risk assessment in drinking water from shallow groundwater wells in an agricultural area in Ubon Ratchathani province, Thailand. Environ Geochem Health. 2014;36(1):169– 82.
USEPA. Risk assessment guidance for superfund (RAGS). Volume I. Human health evaluation manual (HHEM). Part E. Supplemental guidance for dermal risk assessment. USEPA. 2004;1(540/R/99/005).
Ecetoc. Aquatic Toxicity of Mixtures. Tech Rep. 2001;(1–64).
EPA. Baseline human health risk assessment. vasquez boulevard and 1-70 superfund site denver, denver (Co). United States Environmental Protection Agency [Internet]. US Environmental Protection Agency, Region VIII; 2001.
Available:https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/P1006STM.PDF?Dockey=P1006STM.PDF
Weyer PJ, Cerhan JR, Kross BC, Hallberg GR, Kantamneni J, Breuer G, et al. Municipal drinking water nitrate level and cancer risk in older women: The Iowa women’s health study. Epidemiology. 2001;12(3):327–38.
Tahri M, Benyaïch F, Bounakhla M, Bilal E, Gruffat JJ, Moutte J, et al. Multivariate analysis of heavy metal contents in soils, sediments and water in the region of Meknes (Central Morocco). Environ Monit Assess. 2005;102(1–3):405–17.
Kasier HF. The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educ Psychol Meas. 1960;XX(1):141–51.
Sikder MT, Kihara Y, Yasuda M, Yustiawati, Mihara Y, Tanaka S, et al. River water pollution in developed and developing countries: Judge and assessment of physicochemical characteristics and selected dissolved metal concentration. Clean - Soil, Air, Water. 2013;41(1):60–8.
Habib MA, Islam ARMT, Bodrud-Doza M, Mukta FA, Khan R, Bakar Siddique MA, et al. Simultaneous appraisals of pathway and probable health risk associated with trace metals contamination in groundwater from Barapukuria coal basin, Bangladesh [Internet]. Vol. 242, Chemosphere. Elsevier Ltd. 2020;125183.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125183
Islam ARMT, Al Mamun A, Rahman MM, Zahid A. Simultaneous comparison of modified-integrated water quality and entropy weighted indices: Implication for safe drinking water in the coastal region of Bangladesh. Ecol Indic [Internet]. 2020;113:106229.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106229
De Miguel E, Iribarren I, Chacón E, Ordoñez A, Charlesworth S. Risk-based evaluation of the exposure of children to trace elements in playgrounds in Madrid (Spain). Chemosphere. 2007;66(3):505–13.
Gao B, Gao L, Gao J, Xu D, Wang Q, Sun K. Simultaneous evaluations of occurrence and probabilistic human health risk associated with trace elements in typical drinking water sources from major river basins in China. Sci Total Environ [Internet]. 2019;666:139–46.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.148
USEPA. National Primary Drinking Water Guidelines. Epa 816-F-09-004 [Internet]. 2009;1:7.
Available:https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-06/documents/npwdr_complete_table.pdf
WHO. Guidelines for drinking-water quality. World Health Organization. WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland: World Health Organization. 2011;876–83.
DoE. Environmental law collection [Internet]. Department of Environment, Government of People’s Republic of Bangladesh. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Ministry of Environment and Forest,Government of People’s Republic of Bangladesh; 2019.
Available:http://doe.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/doe.portal.gov.bd/page/155eebe8_0092_4653_907d_421dc0890e6d/aian sonkolon fff-1-100.pdf
US EPA. National primary drinking water regulations [Internet]. United States Environmental Protection Agency; 2009.
Available:http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm
USGS. Saline water and salinity [Internet]. Water Science School; 2021.
[Cited 2021 May 2].
Available:https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/saline-water-and-salinity?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects
Naseh MRV, Noori R, Berndtsson R, Adamowski J, Sadatipour E. Groundwater pollution sources apportionment in the ghaen plain, Iran. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]; 2018.
[Cited 2021 May 2];15(1).
Available:/pmc/articles/PMC5800271/
Tiwari AK, Pisciotta A, De Maio M. Evaluation of groundwater salinization and pollution level on Favignana Island, Italy. Environ Pollut [Internet]. 2019;249:969–81.
[Cited 2021 May 2];
Available:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31146317/
Wen X, Lu J, Wu J, Lin Y, Luo Y. Influence of coastal groundwater salinization on the distribution and risks of heavy metals. Sci Total Environ [Internet]. 2019;652:267–77.
[Cited 2021 May 3];
Available:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30366327/
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