Journal of Scientific Research and Reports

Synthesis and Characterization of Fe-doped Manganese Oxide Nanoparticle for Photocatalytic Degradation of Indigo Blue Dye

Milind S. Deshpande — 2026-03-23

Fe-doped manganese oxide nanoparticles were successfully produced using the chemical precipitation method. The generated nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDAX, FTIR, and UV. The average crystallite size of the sample was examined using the XRD method. The Fe-doped MnO₂ NPs crystallite size was determined to be 11.56 nm. The morphology and grain size were ascertained using SEM images. They exhibit tiny granules that range in size from 10 to 40 nm. The elemental composition of Fe-doped MnO₂ NPs was confirmed by EDAX to be 77.20 Fe, 20.60 Mn, and 2.20 O₂. The FTIR tests reveal high absorption peaks for many functional groups, including C=O, CO₂, NH⁺, O-H, and MnO₂. In the UV spectra, the optical band gap was calculated between 1.5 and 5.0 eV. XRD examination revealed that the average particle size of Fe-doped MnO₂ nanoparticles was 11.56 nm. The produced nanoparticles were appropriate for the photo-catalytic degradation of the colour indigo blue.

Agricultural Market Intelligence as an Extension Tool for Improving Farm Income: Evidence from Andhra Pradesh, India

G. Raghunadha Reddy — 2026-03-17

Price volatility and information asymmetry in agricultural markets frequently restrict farmers from maximizing their revenue. To address this gap, the Agricultural Market Intelligence Centre (AMIC) at Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU), Andhra Pradesh, developed a robust price forecasting and dissemination mechanism. Utilizing advanced predictive models, including Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), AMIC generates crop price forecasts with validated accuracy rates ranging from 86.54% to 96.38%. These forecasts are distributed synchronously with crop production and marketing seasons via diverse ICT channels, including SMS, digital portals, regional agricultural publications, and a network of 10,776 Rythu Seva Kendras (RSKs). This studyevaluates the socioeconomic impact of AMIC’s advisories during the 2024–2025 agricultural year, based on a sample of 434 farmers cultivating groundnut, cotton, black gram, maize, turmeric and jowar. The findings reveal a 61.11% awareness rate regarding the disseminated forecasts, with an active adoption rate of 33.13%. Crucially, farmers who aligned their marketing decisions with AMIC advisories realized a significant economic advantage, securing an average premium of ₹451 per quintal on their sale proceeds. The study concludes that deploying data-driven market intelligence through robust digital infrastructures is essential for building sustainable food systems and actively advancing the national vision of an Atmanirbhar Bharat.

Alterations in Serum Mineral Concentrations Following Mineral Mixture Supplementation in Postpartum Anestrus Buffaloes

Suryakant Sahu — 2026-03-17

Postpartum anestrus is a common reproductive problem in buffaloes, particularly under hot–humid climatic conditions, and is often associated with nutritional and mineral imbalances. Adequate macro- and micro-minerals play a crucial role in regulating endocrine function and ovarian activity, making mineral supplementation a potential strategy for improving reproductive performance. The present research was conducted to evaluate the effect of mineral mixture supplementation on the serum mineral profile in postpartum anestrus buffaloes during the hot humid season. A total of 18 postpartum anestrus buffaloes were selected for an on-farm trial and divided into two treatment groups (T₁ and T₂) and one control group, comprising 6 animals in each group. The treatment group T₁ received chelated mineral mixture (CMM) supplementation (50 g/day) for 15 days. Group T₂ was subjected to CMM as in T₁ plus Garbhov bolus (1 bolus/day) with feed for 15 days, while the control group was maintained on routine feeding without mineral supplementation. Blood samples were collected on Day 0 (before starting supplementation) and on Day 20, i.e., 5 days after completion of supplementation, and were analyzed for serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, cobalt, iron, selenium, and zinc between groups (pre- and post-treatment). Results indicated a significant (p<0.05) increase in serum levels of phosphorus, copper, iron, and zinc in T₁ and calcium, magnesium, copper, and cobalt in T₂ compared to baseline and control animals. The findings suggest that mineral mixture supplementation effectively restores mineral balance in postpartum anestrus buffaloes and may play a supportive role in improving reproductive efficiency, particularly under heat stress conditions.

Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) Fruiting Body Waste Powder on Growth Performance, Nutrient Utilization and Feed Cost Economics of Broiler Chicken

Sumit Raja — 2026-03-18

A feeding trial was carried out in Instructional Poultry Farm (IPF), Nagla, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, during May, 2025 to June, 2025 (42 days), to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) fruiting body waste powder on growth performance, nutrient utilization and feed cost economics of broiler chicken. In the feeding trial, a total of 120-day-old broiler chicks (cobb 430) were randomly distributed in a Completely Randomized Design into four treatment groups, with 30 chicks per treatment and three replicates of ten chicks each. T1 group served as control in which standard diet without any supplementation was fed, while T2, T3 and T4 treatment groups were supplemented with 1%, 2% and 3% mushroom fruiting body powder, respectively. Body weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and performance index were recorded weekly. Metabolism trial was conducted to assess nutrient utilization. Feed cost economics were also calculated. Dietary supplementation of mushroom fruiting body waste powder significantly (P < .05) influenced growth performance, nutrient utilization and economics of broiler chickens. Birds fed 2.0% mushroom fruiting body waste powder exhibited significantly higher body weight gain, improved feed conversion ratio, and the highest performance index compared to other treatments (P < 0.05). Dry matter and crude protein digestibility were also significantly improved (P < 0.05) in mushroom fruiting body waste supplemented groups. Overall, T3 and T4 emerged as the most economical treatment, as it recorded the lowest cost per kilogram body weight gain along with significantly higher net profit. Dietary supplementation of mushroom fruiting body waste powder at 2.0% inclusion level improved growth performance, nutrient utilization, and economics of Broiler chicks, suggesting its potential as a safe and sustainable phytogenic feed additive in broiler production.

Solar PV Performance and Shading Analysis in a Rooftop Agro-Voltaic System

M. Z. Sheikh — 2026-03-18

The integration of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems with agricultural activities, known as rooftop agro-voltaic system (RTAVS), offers a promising approach to simultaneously meet energy and food production demands in urban and peri-urban areas. The study evaluates the energy performance and shading effect of a 76.8 kWp rooftop PV system installed at the CAET, DBSKKV, Dapoli, MH, India. The system comprises 240 mono-crystalline modules arranged in 12 strings and was monitored over two experimental periods (October 2022–May 2023 and October 2023–May 2024), covering winter and summer seasons. Energy performance was analyzed and shadow trajectory analysis was conducted using a 3D SketchUp model to simulate seasonal and daily shading patterns, quantifying shadow coverage over the cultivable area. Results demonstrated a strong correlation between solar irradiance and energy generation (R² = 0.984), indicating stable PV system performance under rooftop agro-voltaic conditions, with an estimated annual energy yield of 81,896 kWh. Seasonal shadow coverage ranged from 42.9% in winter to 18.9% in summer, with an overall mean of 30.9%. Moderate shading under RTAVS provided favorable conditions for shade-tolerant crops without compromising PV performance, confirming the technical feasibility of dual land use in urban renewable energy applications. This study presents a combined evaluation of PV performance and shadow trajectory in a rooftop agro-voltaic system, which has received limited attention in previous studies.

Avian Species Driven Cultivable Bacterial Community from the Coastal Ecosystem of Gujarat, India

Leena Agravat — 2026-03-18

Background: Coastal birds are particularly interesting models for microbiome research because they rely on dynamic interface ecosystems in which terrestrial, freshwater, and marine influences converge.

Aim: The study aims to investigate the factors shaping culturable bacterial communities associated with coastal birds and determine the relative influence of host species identity versus environmental filtering along the Gujarat coast.

Study Design: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted to examine bacterial communities in 12 coastal bird species across four distinct habitat types.

Place and Duration of the Study: Four coastal sites in Gujarat, India: Bhavnagar (industrial mudflats), Hathab (sandy beach), Mithi Virdi (estuarine mangroves), and Cabel Bridge (tidal creek salt marsh). Sampling was conducted during high-tide periods and from injured birds rescued during "Karuna Abhiyan".

Methodology: Fecal, tracheal, and cloacal swabs were collected from 12 coastal bird species. Bacteria were cultured on Zobell Marine agar, EMB, and MacConkey agar under aerobic conditions at 37°C. Isolates were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and BLAST analysis. Phylogenetic reconstruction was performed using maximum likelihood. Community analyses included PERMANOVA, beta diversity, indicator species analysis, SIMPER, variation partitioning, and CCA using Jaccard dissimilarity matrices.

Results: Fifty-seven isolates represented 29 species across 17 genera, dominated by Firmicutes (70.2%), Proteobacteria (15.8%), and Actinobacteria (14.0%). PERMANOVA revealed host species identity as the primary factor structuring communities, explaining 24.0% of the variation (p=0.001), whereas site and compartment effects were not significant. Beta diversity was significantly higher between than within species (p=0.0011). Indicator analysis identified six significant associations after correction: Priestia megaterium with shorebirds (p-adjusted=0.012), Mammaliicoccus sciuri with pond heron (p-adjusted=0.015), Cytobacillus firmus with crab plover (p-adjusted=0.028), and halophilic taxa (Salinicoccus roseus, Citricoccus massiliensis) with gulls (p-adjusted=0.021-0.023). Environmental parameters showed no relationship with community composition (CCA p=0.481). Variation partitioning confirmed that host species contributed the largest unique fraction (8.7%).

Conclusion: Host ecological identity, mediated by foraging guilds and behavioral niches, is the primary determinant of culturable bacterial communities in coastal birds. The detection of potentially opportunistic taxa underscores the role of birds as reservoirs within the OneHealth framework. This study establishes a critical baseline for avian microbiomes in biodiverse coastal regions.

Spatial Assessment of DTPA-Extractable Cationic Micronutrients in Calcareous Alluvial Soils of Vaishali District, Bihar, India

Sanjay Kumar Singh — 2026-03-19

This study investigated the spatial distribution and availability of DTPA-extractable cationic micronutrients in calcareous alluvial soils of Vaishali district, Bihar, India. A total of 139 geo-referenced surface soil samples (0–15 cm) were collected using a grid-based sampling approach covering major administrative blocks. Soil physicochemical properties, including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and organic carbon (OC), were analyzed along with DTPA-extractable zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) following standard procedures. Soils were predominantly neutral to moderately alkaline (pH 7.02–8.36; mean 7.95) with low salinity (EC 0.11–2.48 dS m⁻¹; mean 0.31 dS m⁻¹) and low to medium organic carbon content (0.21–1.21%; mean 0.54%). Available Zn ranged from 0.14 to 2.43 mg kg⁻¹ (mean 0.91 mg kg⁻¹), with 45.32% of samples below the critical limit (<0.78 mg kg⁻¹), indicating widespread zinc deficiency. Iron content varied from 4.35 to 32.78 mg kg⁻¹ (mean 14.37 mg kg⁻¹), with 64.43% of samples in the high category. Manganese ranged from 2.27 to 5.99 mg kg⁻¹ (mean 3.41 mg kg⁻¹), where 38.85% of samples were deficient. Copper content (0.47–1.47 mg kg⁻¹; mean 0.70 mg kg⁻¹) was largely adequate, with more than 75% of samples in the medium range. Descriptive statistics revealed moderate variability in micronutrient distribution across the district. Correlation analysis indicated weak to moderate relationships among soil properties and micronutrients, including a positive association between EC and Cu (r = 0.297) and a moderate negative relationship between Fe and Mn (r = –0.399). The results highlight significant spatial heterogeneity and emphasize the need for site-specific micronutrient management, particularly zinc fertilization, to sustain soil fertility and enhance crop productivity in calcareous soils of the Indo-Gangetic plains.

Diversity of Diurnal Insect Pollinators in Mustard (Brassica juncea) Agro-ecosystems

L. S. Chaudhary — 2026-03-19

Pollinator diversity enhances ecosystem resilience and ensures stable pollination under varying environmental conditions. A field study was conducted to assess the diversity and community structure of diurnal insect pollinators associated with mustard (Brassica juncea). Pollinators were recorded through quadrate observations, sweep netting and visual counts during the flowering period. Five insect orders were recorded during the study, among which Hymenoptera exhibited the highest species richness (16 species), followed by Diptera (11 species) and Lepidoptera (10 species). Hymenoptera also showed the highest diversity with a Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H′) of 2.30 and Simpson’s diversity index of 8.02, along with comparatively lower dominance (Berger–Parker dominance index = 0.19). Diptera and Lepidoptera also recorded relatively high diversity and evenness, indicating a balanced representation of species within these orders. In contrast, Coleoptera and Hemiptera were comparatively species-poor with lower species richness; however, these groups exhibited relatively higher evenness values, indicated a more uniform distribution of individuals among the limited number of species present. The study highlights the ecological significance of diverse diurnal insect pollinators in mustard agro-ecosystems and supports the need for their conservation to sustain pollination services.

An Empirical Analysis of Groundnut Area, Output and Productivity in Madhya Pradesh, India

Madhusudan Tiwari — 2026-03-20

Madhya Pradesh is one of the leading agricultural states in India and plays an important role in the production of oilseed crops. The state is well known for its large-scale cultivation of soybean and other oilseed crops, which contribute significantly to the agricultural economy of the region. The present study examines the trends in area, production, and productivity of groundnut cultivation in Madhya Pradesh over the period 2012–13 to 2024–25. Using time-series data and statistical tools such as absolute change, relative change, coefficient of variation (CV), simple growth rate (SGR), compound growth rate (CGR), and linear trend analysis, the research evaluates the growth performance and variability in groundnut farming. The findings reveal a substantial increase in cultivated area and total production, with area expanding by 111.63 percent and production rising by 133.73 percent during the study period. Productivity also recorded a moderate improvement of 10.38 percent. Although fluctuations were observed due to climatic and other external factors, the overall trend remains positive. Growth rate analysis confirms sustained expansion in both area and output, while productivity shows steady but comparatively modest improvement. The study highlights the importance of technological advancement, improved agronomic practices, and policy support in strengthening groundnut cultivation and ensuring long-term stability in production.

Influence of Dietary Supplementation of Phyllanthus emblica (Amla) Leaf Powder on Haemato-Biochemical Profile and Serum Antioxidant Status of Japanese Quail

Mayank Rawat — 2026-03-21

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of graded levels of Amla (Phyllanthus emblica) leaf powder on haematological, serum biochemical, enzyme activities, mineral profile, and antioxidant status of Japanese quail, with emphasis on metabolic health and physiological safety. The experiment was conducted at the Instructional Poultry Farm, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India, during June-July 2025, for a period of six weeks. A total of 180 Japanese quail chicks were allotted under a completely randomized design, each with three replicates of twelve birds, and were randomly assigned to five different dietary treatments. A control diet (T1), a basal diet supplemented with 0.5% Amla fruit powder (T2), and basal diets supplemented with 0.5% (T3), 1.0% (T4), and 2.0% (T5) Amla leaf powder were included among the treatments. Blood samples were taken at 42 days of age from representative birds to evaluate haematological parameters, serum biochemical parameters, enzyme activities, mineral profile, and antioxidant status of Japanese quail. Duncan's multiple range test and general linear model procedures were used to analyze the data. Haematological parameters, serum glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin–globulin ratio, serum enzyme activities (serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase), and serum calcium and phosphorus did not differ significantly (P>0.05) among treatments, indicating physiological safety of Amla leaf supplementation. Serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were significantly reduced (P<0.05) in birds fed 1% and 2% Amla leaf powder (T4 and T5) compared to control. Antioxidant status improved significantly (P<0.05), as evidenced by higher SOD and GSH activities and lower MDA levels, with the most pronounced effect observed in the T4 group. The present study concludes that dietary supplementation of Amla leaf powder, particularly at 1% inclusion level, effectively improved lipid profile and antioxidant status without adversely affecting haematological or metabolic parameters. Amla leaves can thus serve as a safe, cost-effective, and natural phytogenic feed additive for enhancing metabolic health in Japanese quail.

Cost and Profitability Analysis of Mango Cultivation: Evidence from South Konkan Region of Maharashtra, India

A. S. Akhare — 2026-03-23

Mango cultivation plays a significant role in the horticultural economy of Konkan region of Maharashtra and provides an important source of livelihood for farmers. The present study examines the cost structure and profitability of mango cultivation in the South Konkan region, comprising Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg districts. A multistage sampling design was adopted to select 120 mango growers from six tahsils and twelve villages. Primary data were collected through personal interviews using a structured and pre-tested interview schedule during the agricultural year 2023–24. Standard cost concept, namely Cost-A, Cost-B, and Cost-C, was employed to estimate the cost of cultivation and profitability. The results indicated that the total cost of cultivation (Cost-C) was ₹2,29,781 per hectare in Ratnagiri and ₹2,31,953 per hectare in Sindhudurg, with a regional average of ₹2,30,837 per hectare. Hired human labour, rental value of land, and amortization cost constituted the major components of total production cost. The average yield was 31.83 quintals per hectare, generating gross returns of ₹4,09,986 per hectare. The benefit-cost ratio over Cost-C was 1.78, indicating that mango cultivation in the South Konkan region is economically viable, with relatively higher profitability observed in Sindhudurg district.

Diversity and Composition of Insect Communities in the Paddy – Teak Agroforest Ecosystem of Farmer Field in Kowdipally of Medak District, Telangana, India

Pasham Sravani — 2026-03-23

Rice is a staple food crop across much of India and is one of the country’s most important agricultural products. A Study was conducted in agroforest ecosystem (Rice +Teak) of farmer’s field during Kharif season from July to November 2024-2025 at Medak district, Telangana, India. Investigation of insect fauna in rice ecosystem bordered with teak plantations (agroforest ecosystem) and monocropping rice ecosystem was not studied in the present study area, systematically. So, an attempt was made to document the abundance of insect composition at Farmer’s field in Kanchanpally village of Kowdipally mandal. The present study revealed that altogether 1906 individuals from major insect order like (Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Araneae, Coleoptera) were collected using different trapping methods, of which highest number of individuals were recorded from order Lepidoptera (Yeloow stem borer) with 342 individuals and least from the order Blattodea with only three individuals in the agroforest ecosystem. Also, study revealed population of natural enemies were higher due to habitat manipulation and reduced insect pest pressure.

Assessment of Long-term Spatial and Temporal Soil Moisture Variability in the Sher River Watershed, Madhya Pradesh, India

Anoop Patel — 2026-03-24

Soil moisture significantly impacts crop yield, irrigation scheduling, and farm-level water management decisions, Precision farming and watershed management. Therefore, enhancing agricultural resilience and guaranteeing sustainable water resource management. During the years 2015–2025, this study Shows Long-term Geospatial and temporal variability of soil moisture in the Sher River Basin. The study examined seasonal trends, interannual variations, and geographical disparities throughout the watershed using a high-resolution monthly soil moisture dataset produced by a previously proven machine learning technique. The results show that 2024 was the wettest year for soil moisture levels. On the other hand, 2017 was quite dry with low moisture levels across the basin. Soil moisture was also higher in 2016, 2023 and 2025. These changes in soil moisture closely followed rainfall patterns, indicating that rainfall is a factor in determining soil moisture in the Sher River Basin. The Sher River Watershed experiences significant changes in soil moisture throughout the year. You can see a difference in soil moisture during July, August, and September. This is because it rains a lot during these months. The SMAP data also show that the soil moisture is higher during this time. In areas where people grow crops, the soil is really wet when they plant. This is because farmers use water to prepare the soil for seeds and help them grow. So, soil moisture changes in the Sher River Watershed are mostly due to how farmers irrigate their crops and to rainfall during the monsoon months. The soil moisture in the Sher River Watershed is influenced by both irrigation practices and monsoon rainfall.

Sustainable Hook-and-Line Fisheries and Market-Led Price Advantage: Evidence from Kombuthurai Village, Thoothukudi District, Tamil Nadu, India

A. Anuja — 2026-03-24

Marine fisheries play a vital role in employment generation, income security, nutritional security, and export earnings in India. Kombuthurai fishing village in Thoothukudi district, Tamil Nadu, represents a distinctive model of exclusive dependence on hook-and-line fishing—a highly selective and environmentally sustainable fishing method. The present study evaluates the ecological sustainability, economic viability, and marketing structure associated with hook-and-line fisheries in Kombuthurai. Primary data were collected through structured field surveys of 100 fishing households (fishers), supplemented with secondary information obtained from 4 fishermen associations and relevant official records. The study examines fish marketing arrangements, auction mechanisms, institutional governance, and price differentials across landing centres. Results indicate that hook-and-line fishing produces superior quality catch with minimal bycatch and negligible habitat damage. Fishers in Kombuthurai realize significantly higher prices compared to other landing centres due to quality-based grading and an organized auction system. The association-managed auction framework strengthens collective bargaining power, ensures transparency, and effectively minimizes middlemen exploitation. The findings demonstrate that ecological sustainability and economic profitability can coexist in small-scale marine fisheries when supported by strong community institutions, transparent governance, and quality-oriented marketing systems. This model offers important policy insights for promoting sustainable coastal livelihoods in India.

Progress and Constraints of e-Trading under the e-NAM Platform in Telangana, India

B. Kiranmai — 2026-03-24

Agricultural marketing in India has undergone several reforms to improve efficiency, transparency and price realization for farmers. Despite the establishment of regulated markets under the Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC) system, farmers continued to face problems such as limited competition, lack of transparency and dependence on intermediaries. To address these issues, the Government of India launched the electronic National Agriculture Market (e-NAM) in 2016 to integrate Agricultural Produce Market Committees (APMCs) across the country through a unified online trading platform. The present study examines the progress of e-trading in Telangana and identifies the constraints faced by farmers in participating through the e-NAM platform. Both primary and secondary data were used for the study. Secondary data relating to stakeholder participation and commodity-wise trade were collected for the period 2016-17 to 2023-24 from the e-NAM portal and the Department of Agricultural Marketing, Telangana. Primary data were collected from 100 farmers across five selected e-NAM markets using a structured interview schedule. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) and the Garrett ranking technique. The results revealed that out of 197 regulated markets in Telangana, only 57 markets (28.93%) have been integrated under e-NAM. The platform has registered 18.23 lakh farmers, 6,371 traders, 5,161 commission agents and 137 Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs). From 2016-17 to 2023-24, a total of 64.68 lakh tonnes of commodities valued in Rs 23,637.6 crore were traded through e-NAM. Commodity-wise analysis shows that paddy was found to be high in traded volume, whereas turmeric, chilli and cotton account for a higher share in trade value. The compound annual growth rate of the value of trade was positive and significant (8.69%). Inter-mandi trade was more active compared to interstate trade, which remained limited. The study also identified lack of digital literacy, inadequate understanding of e-NAM procedures and dependence on commission agents as the major constraints faced by farmers. The findings suggest that strengthening digital awareness, improving infrastructure and expanding market integration are essential for enhancing the effectiveness of the e-NAM platform in Telangana.

Physicochemical Behaviour of Green Gram during Soaking and Sprouting

Mallela Prem Kumar — 2026-03-24

Green gram is a highly nutritious legume with considerable potential to address malnutrition and protein deficiency, particularly in developing regions like India. This study focused on evaluating the physical, biochemical, and hydration characteristics of both fresh and sprouted green gram, emphasizing the effect of soaking time on sprouting efficiency. Sprouting resulted in notable changes in physical attributes, including increased grain dimensions, geometric mean diameter, and sphericity, while both bulk and true densities declined due to water absorption. Biochemical analysis indicated considerable enhancements in nutritional quality, with protein content rising from 22.56 % to 24.35 %, crude fibre increasing from 3.21 % to 4.12 %, and moisture content elevating with sprouting. In contrast, total soluble sugars, ash, and fat content decreased as these components were utilized during germination. To study hydration and sprouting behaviour, Soaking was carried out for green gram seeds for 3, 6, and 9 h. It was observed that soaking for longer periods (6 and 9 h) led to higher moisture levels (53.69 % and 58.34 %) and improved sprouting rates (97 % and 98 %) compared to shorter durations. Hydration kinetics were modelled using Lewis and Page equations, with the Page model showing superior accuracy (R² = 0.99). These findings demonstrate that optimal soaking durations not only enhance water uptake but also stimulate metabolic activity and reduce anti-nutritional factors. Overall, the study highlights the importance of adequate soaking time in improving the nutritional value and sprouting potential of green gram for better dietary outcomes.

Impact of Cluster Front Line Demonstrations on Farmers Knowledge of Mustard Production Technologies in Bikaner District of Rajasthan, India

Kiran Kumari — 2026-03-25

Cluster Front Line Demonstrations (CFLDs) play a pivotal role in enhancing farmers’ knowledge and adoption of improved crop production technologies. The present study assessed the knowledge level of beneficiary and non-beneficiary farmers regarding mustard production technologies demonstrated under CFLDs in Bikaner district of Rajasthan. The study was conducted in two panchayat samitis, namely Bikaner and Kolayat, under the jurisdiction of Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) Bikaner. A total sample of 160 respondents was selected, comprising 80 beneficiary farmers who participated in CFLDs and 80 non-beneficiary farmers cultivating mustard without CFLD exposure. Knowledge was measured using a structured test, and respondents were categorized into low, medium and high knowledge levels based on mean and standard deviation. The results revealed that a majority of respondents (51.87%) possessed a medium level of knowledge. Beneficiary farmers exhibited significantly higher knowledge levels compared to non-beneficiaries, particularly in seed rate and spacing, irrigation management and nutrient management. Aspect-wise comparison indicated statistically significant differences in knowledge levels for nine out of ten aspects, with harvesting being the only non-significant aspect. A strong and positive rank correlation (rs = 0.95) was observed between beneficiary and non-beneficiary respondents. The findings clearly demonstrate the positive impact of CFLDs in enhancing farmers’ knowledge of mustard production technologies and emphasize the need for strengthening extension interventions in weaker knowledge areas.

An Economic Analysis of Marketing Efficiency and Price Spread of Lemon in Pali District of Rajasthan, India

Dimpal Kumari — 2026-03-25

An essential commercial fruit crop in India, lemons (Citrus limon L.) significantly increase the horticultural economy and farmers' incomes. In this study, the marketing channels, price spread, market margins, and marketing effectiveness of lemons in Rajasthan's Pali district are analyzed. The Acharya modified measure of marketing efficiency was used to identify and assess four marketing channels. The total sample size was 80 farmers and 20 intermediaries. The findings showed significant differences in producer share, profits, and marketing costs among channels. The maximum marketing efficiency (0.99) and producer's share (100%) were achieved by Channel IV (Producer–Consumer), which was followed by Channel III (Producer–Pre-harvest contractor–Retailer–Consumer). Multiple-intermediary channels showed less efficiency and a larger pricing spread. The study highlights the need to promote direct marketing and reduce intermediary dominance to enhance farmers’ income and marketing efficiency in lemon cultivation.

Chitosan-Magnetite-RGO Nanohybrids for Next Gen Super Capacitors

Sandipa Satapathy — 2026-03-26

The growing demand for sustainable and high-performance energy storage systems has accelerated research on eco-friendly electrode materials for supercapacitors. The storage performance of the device depends upon the properties of the electrode materials i.e. morphology, surface area, shape, size, conductivity and stability during cycling. This study focuses on the development of a chitosan-coated Fe₃O₄/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composite as an eco-friendly electrode material for supercapacitors. Chitosan acts as a biopolymer binder and stabilizer, improving the dispersion and conductivity of Fe₃O₄ on rGO. The composite was synthesized via a simple solution-based method and characterized using FTIR, XRD, SEM, and Raman spectroscopy. Electrochemical tests (CV, GCD, EIS) confirmed enhanced capacitance, good cycle stability, and low resistance. The results highlight the potential of chitosan–Fe₃O₄–rGO hybrids for sustainable energy storage applications.

Integrated Herbicide-Based Weed Management Practices for Improving Growth, Yield Attributes and Crop Safety in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under Rice–Groundnut Cropping System

Kunal Narwal — 2026-03-26

Integration of pre-emergence herbicides with post-emergence herbicides or manual weeding is widely regarded as an effective strategy for season-long weed control. Post-emergence herbicides such as imazethapyr and quizalofop-p-ethyl have shown promising results in controlling broad-leaved and grassy weeds during the critical stages of crop growth. The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different herbicide combinations and integrated weed management practices for improving weed control and crop productivity in groundnut. A field experiment was conducted during rabi–summer 2016–17 at the Agricultural Research Station, Kumta, Karnataka, to evaluate the effects of different weed management practices on growth parameters, yield attributes, and crop phytotoxicity of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under a rice–groundnut cropping system. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with nine weed management treatments and three replications. Observations on plant height, number of branches per plant, dry matter production, and crop phytotoxicity were recorded at different growth stages. The weed-free treatment recorded significantly higher plant height, number of branches, and dry matter accumulation, which were statistically at par with pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 1.5 kg ha⁻¹ followed by one hand weeding at 25 days after sowing (DAS), and pendimethalin @ 1.5 kg ha⁻¹ followed by post-emergence imazethapyr @ 75 g ha⁻¹ at 20–30 DAS. The unweeded control recorded the lowest values for all growth parameters due to severe crop–weed competition. Visual phytotoxicity ratings revealed no severe or persistent injury to the groundnut crop under any herbicide treatment, and initial mild symptoms disappeared within 21–28 days after application. The harvest index was significantly influenced by weed management treatments. The highest harvest index (0.29) was recorded in the weed-free check, which was statistically at par with pendimethalin followed by hand weeding (0.29) and pendimethalin followed by imazethapyr (0.28), while the lowest harvest index (0.25) was recorded in the unweeded check. Overall, integrated weed management practices involving pre-emergence application of pendimethalin followed by hand weeding or post-emergence herbicides significantly improved yield and yield attributes compared with the unweeded condition. It is concluded that integrated weed management combining pre-emergence herbicide application with manual or post-emergence weed control is an effective and crop-safe approach for enhancing the productivity of groundnut under rice-fallow conditions.

Morphological Attributes Influencing Graft Success in Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Using Indigenous Seedling Rootstock of Bastar Region, Chhattisgarh, India

Harshita Patel — 2026-03-27

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a commercially important tropical fruit crop widely cultivated in South Asia, valued for its nutritional richness, economic significance, and diverse end uses. Despite its importance, the heterozygous nature of the species necessitates the adoption of efficient vegetative propagation techniques, such as veneer grafting, to ensure true-to-type plants and improved nursery performance. The study aims to evaluate the nursery-stage growth performance of mango grafts under Bastar agro-climatic conditions. The present research was conducted during the year 2024–25 at the Department of Fruit Science, Krantikari Debridhur College of Horticulture and Research Station, Jagdalpur, Chhattisgarh, India. The experiment comprised twelve mango varieties grafted on local seedling rootstock using the veneer grafting technique, laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. Observations were recorded at 30, 60 and 90 days after grafting on parameters such as scion girth, rootstock girth, rootstock length, plant height, number of buds per graft and graft survival percentage. Significant varietal differences were observed for all parameters. Among the treatments, Scented Goa (T₅) recorded the maximum scion girth (10.47 mm), rootstock girth (11.67 mm), rootstock length (44.67 cm) and grafted plant height (59.40 cm) at 90 days after grafting, along with the highest graft survival (84.43%). Similarly, Banana Mango (T₇) showed vigorous growth with scion girth (10.07 mm), rootstock girth (11.53 mm), scion length (14.93 cm), plant height (59.60 cm) and number of buds per graft (6.07), indicating better graft establishment. In contrast, Sundari (T₄) recorded the minimum scion girth, rootstock girth and plant height, along with the lowest graft survival percentage (60.00 %), reflecting comparatively weaker vegetative growth. The superior performance of these varieties may be attributed to better scion–rootstock compatibility and favourable physiological interactions under Bastar conditions. The study concluded that Scented Goa and Banana Mango are the most suitable mango varieties for successful grafting and nursery production in the Bastar region. The experimental data were statistically analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) under Completely Randomized Design (CRD).

Assessing Self-Concept in Shaping Communication Training Needs in Higher Agricultural Education: The Role of Self-Esteem and Self-Confidence

B. M. Yogesh — 2026-03-28

This study examines the role of self-concept in shaping communication training needs among postgraduate students in higher agricultural education in India. Despite increasing emphasis on communication competencies, limited research has explored the psychological determinants influencing communication skill development. A cross-sectional quantitative research design was employed using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), Self-Confidence Scale (SCS), and Training Need Index (TNI) to assess self-concept and communication skill gaps. Data were collected from 210 postgraduate students across three leading agricultural universities. The findings revealed that a considerable proportion of students exhibit low to moderate levels of self-esteem and self-confidence, with significant institutional variation. Among communication competencies, writing and speaking emerged as the most critical training needs. Correlation and regression analyses indicated significant negative relationships between self-concept and communication training needs, suggesting that higher self-esteem and self-confidence are associated with reduced communication skill gaps. Grounded in Social Cognitive Theory, the study highlights the importance of psychological factors in communication behaviour. The findings underscore the need to integrate confidence-building strategies and experiential learning approaches into postgraduate curricula to enhance communication competence and professional readiness among agricultural graduates.

Constraints Faced by Farmers in Adoption of Mustard Production Technologies under Cluster Front Line Demonstrations in Bikaner District of Rajasthan, India

Kiran Kumari — 2026-03-28

The present study was undertaken to identify and analyse the major problems encountered by beneficiary and non-beneficiary farmers in the adoption of mustard production technologies under Cluster Front Line Demonstrations (CFLD). The problems perceived by the respondents were categorized into five major dimensions, viz., input, financial, technical, environmental and marketing problems. Data were collected using a structured schedule and responses were obtained on a two-point continuum. The Mean Percent Score (MPS) was computed to prioritise the severity of problems, and rank correlation was used to examine the similarity in ranking patterns between beneficiary and non-beneficiary farmers. The findings revealed that non-availability and high cost of critical inputs, inadequate technical knowledge, climatic aberrations during critical crop stages, and marketing constraints such as low prices and poor market access were the major impediments in effective adoption of recommended mustard production technologies. Overall, the study highlights the need for timely input supply, strengthened extension support, climate-resilient interventions and improved marketing infrastructure to enhance adoption and productivity of mustard under CFLD programmes.

Evaluation of Holographic Imaging for Improving Residents Training Skills

Muhammad Abbas — 2026-03-31

Background: Hologram technology can provide students with three-dimensional anatomical images, helping them better understand and master complex anatomical structures, which is especially important for skill operation training. By simulating surgical scenarios, holographic imaging technology can also allow students to perform practical operations in a virtual environment, improving their surgical skills and ability to respond to emergencies.

Objective: The present study explores holographic imaging technology to improve the quality of urology residents.

Method: A total of 60 residents who participated in the Department of Urology of the 1^stAffiliated Hospital of Hebei North University from January 2023 to January 2024 were selected as the research subjects. They were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, with 30 students in each group. The observation group adopted the teaching mode supported by holographic image technology, and the control group adopted the traditional teaching mode. By comparing the theoretical performance, skill performance, and teaching satisfaction of the two groups of residents, the application effect of holographic imaging technology in urological surgery residency training was evaluated.

Results: The theoretical and technical scores of the observation group were (85.23±4.98) and (89.14±5.72), respectively, while the theoretical and technical scores of the control group were (78.31±5.24) and (83.56±5.53), respectively. The theoretical and technical scores of the observation group were higher than those of the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). The satisfaction score and total satisfaction score of the observation group were higher than those of the control group in terms of stimulating residents' enthusiasm for learning, improving learning efficiency, providing vivid and interesting content, deepening understanding of urinary system surgical processes, and improving urinary imaging learning, and the difference was statistically significant (all P<0.05).

Conclusion: The teaching mode supported by hologram imaging technology has high application value in urology residency training, which can significantly improve the theoretical performance and skill level of residents and improve teaching satisfaction.

Economic Impact of Disease Outbreaks on Penaeus vannamei Farming in Maharashtra, India

Mahesh Sharma — 2026-03-31

India is one of the top five seafood exporters globally, with frozen shrimp representing a significant portion of its seafood exports. In Maharashtra, brackish water covers a considerable area, contributing to the region's overall shrimp production. Even though white-leg shrimp farming has been extremely successful, there are still numerous obstacles to overcome, such as diseases, which limit the sector’s ability to expand and cause huge economic losses. The present study was conducted in the state of Maharashtra with purposively selected districts Palghar and Raigad, to analyse the economic costs of shrimp disease. Primary and secondary data were used for this study, the primary data were collected from 60 shrimp farms through a pre-tested interview schedule and the secondary data were collected from previous studies and the Department of Fisheries, Maharashtra. The study revealed that the economic direct losses incurred by farmers per acre were ₹ 254612 and the economic loss concerning variable cost per crop per acre was ₹ 53940. The benefit-cost ratio for healthy and disease-affected farms was 1.22 and 1.02, respectively. This showed significant economic loss due to diseases. The economic impact of shrimp diseases in Indian shrimp farming highlights the need for immediate adoption of better management practices (BMP) and biosecurity measures as well as policy interventions to reduce the losses.

The Nature Trail at Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden: A Haven for Tranquility and Biodiversity Conservation

Ashiho Asosii Mao — 2026-03-31

The 21^st century, marked by globalization, urbanization, and fast-paced lifestyles, has distanced people from nature. The Nature Trail of Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden (AJCBIBG), Howrah is a recent addition to the oldest and perhaps the biggest botanic garden of South East Asia. Nestled between the bustling arteries of Howrah and Kolkata, this Nature Trail provides a feeling of sanctuary amidst the urban chaos of the densely populated twin cities. Spanning within a small area of just 15 acres, but interestingly it harbors 319 taxa of diverse flora along with some endemic and threatened taxa and traces of fauna were documented in the present manuscript. Fabaceae (s.l.) is the most dominant family with 26 species and Ficus is the most represented genus with 12 species. Trees are the most dominant (46%), followed by Herbs (34.00%), Climber & Liana (11.00%) and Shrubs (9.00%). This eco-friendly initiative highlights the importance of urban green spaces with multifaceted contributions such as urban forestry, environmental awareness & biodiversity conservation, scientific research & educational outreach, student involvement, health for community well-being, policy planning for sustainable development, thereby addressing the needs of the urban population. Ultimately, the Nature Trail offers a rejuvenating experience for city dwellers of all ages from toddlers to adults through its pristine natural setting, serene landscape and refreshing air.

Comparative Diagnostic Performance of Short-Term Glycemic Markers and HbA1c for Diabetes and Prediabetes: A Systematic Review

Noelyn N. Fontanoza-Cedonio — 2026-03-25

Background: Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is widely used for the diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes, but its diagnostic performance may be affected by conditions such as altered erythrocyte lifespan, hemoglobinopathies, chronic kidney disease, and pregnancy. Short-term glycemic markers, including glycated albumin, fructosamine, and 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG), have been proposed as alternative or complementary biomarkers, particularly in settings where HbA1c may be less reliable. This systematic review synthesized evidence on the comparative diagnostic performance of HbA1c and short-term glycemic markers for the detection of diabetes and prediabetes.

Methods: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Electronic databases searched included PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar for studies published in English since January 2011. Eligible studies evaluated HbA1c and/or at least one short-term glycemic marker against recognized glucose-based reference standards such as fasting plasma glucose or oral glucose tolerance testing. Data on study characteristics, index tests, reference standards, and reported diagnostic performance measures were extracted and synthesized narratively because of heterogeneity in study populations, assay methods, and diagnostic thresholds.

Results: Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria. HbA1c was the most extensively evaluated biomarker and generally demonstrated high specificity but variable sensitivity for diabetes detection across populations. Reported HbA1c sensitivity ranged from 45.5% to 89.4%, specificity from 80.0% to 100%, and area under the curve (AUC) from 0.73 to 0.970. Glycated albumin showed moderate to good diagnostic performance, with AUC values ranging from 0.550 to 0.951, sensitivity from 27.3% to 77.5%, and specificity from 65.5% to 99.2%. 1,5-AG demonstrated variable performance depending on population and clinical context, with AUC values up to 0.850. Fructosamine was less frequently studied but showed promising performance in selected populations, particularly where HbA1c interpretation may be limited, such as in children with β-thalassemia major. Several studies also suggested that combining biomarkers improved diagnostic sensitivity and case detection compared with single-test approaches.

Conclusion: HbA1c remains the most established and clinically useful biomarker for diabetes diagnosis because of its convenience, standardization, and generally high specificity. However, its sensitivity is inconsistent across populations and clinical settings. Short-term glycemic markers, particularly glycated albumin and fructosamine, may provide complementary diagnostic value, especially in conditions where HbA1c is less reliable or where recent glycemic exposure is of interest. A multimarker approach may improve the detection of diabetes and prediabetes in selected clinical contexts.

Non-bovine Dairy Revolution: Emerging Contributions to the Indian Milk Economy

V. M. Midhun — 2026-03-16

India’s milk economy is often narrated through the lens of cattle, yet much of its dynamism—and a growing share of its product innovation—sits outside the bovine (cow) frame. This review synthesizes evidence on the expanding role of non-bovine milks and dairy products in India, focusing on buffalo, goats, camels, yaks, and emerging niche species (e.g., donkey), and on how these sectors interact with livelihoods, markets, processing technologies, and sustainability goals. We argue that India’s “non-bovine dairy revolution” is not a single transition but a portfolio of pathways: (i) buffalo dairying as the scale backbone supporting fat-rich traditional products and industrial ingredient streams; (ii) goat dairying as a smallholder- and enterprise-friendly diversification with strong nutrition and premium-market narratives; (iii) camel dairying as an arid-land resilience option constrained by processing challenges yet supported by a fast-developing functional-food discourse; and (iv) high-altitude (yak) and niche milks as geographically anchored micro-economies with high value-per-litre potential. Across species, compositional differences influence digestibility, product yield, and technological suitability, while governance and value-chain modernization shape safety, traceability, and farmer returns. The review highlights actionable priorities: species-sensitive quality standards, cold-chain and aggregation models tailored to dispersed production, validated health-claim pathways, and climate-resilient breeding and feeding strategies. Collectively, non-bovine dairying can strengthen India’s milk economy by widening income options, supporting region-specific dairy clusters, and enabling differentiated products—provided investment, evidence, and regulation advance together.

Cut Foliage Crops: Production Systems, Postharvest Handling and Global Trade Perspectives

S. P. Mirunalini — 2026-03-20

Cut foliage crops represent an indispensable component of modern floriculture, contributing significantly to aesthetic value, economic sustainability and environmental quality. Their wide adaptability, long vase life and low production costs make them suitable for both domestic and export-oriented floriculture systems. Advances in propagation techniques, cultivation practices and postharvest management have enhanced the commercial potential of foliage crops. However, further research is required to develop standardized production protocols and improve postharvest technologies. Overall, cut foliage crops represent a sustainable, economically viable and aesthetically valuable segment of modern floriculture in both domestic and global markets.

Climate-Smart Agriculture Strategies for Improving Water-use Efficiency under Extreme Weather Conditions

S. Manivannan — 2026-03-23

Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) seeks to sustain productivity, strengthen adaptation and resilience, and, where feasible, reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Across these goals, water-use efficiency (WUE) and water productivity are central because climate change is intensifying hydroclimatic variability, increasing the frequency of hot extremes and droughts, and amplifying risks from compound heat–moisture events that can include both water deficit and moisture excess within the same growing season. This review synthesises advances since the mid-2000s in understanding and improving WUE under extreme weather, focusing on the coupling of crop physiology, soil–plant–atmosphere processes, irrigation and soil-water management, and emerging digital decision support. Evidence indicates that WUE is not a single trait but an outcome of interacting processes operating from leaf to canopy to field and basin scale, shaped by phenology, vapour pressure deficit, rooting dynamics, soil evaporation, and management that partitions limited water towards productive transpiration. Contemporary CSA strategies that improve WUE under extremes include stress-timed deficit irrigation and regulated deficit approaches, partial root-zone drying, alternate wetting and drying in rice, residue-based soil cover and conservation-agriculture principles, and improved matching of cultivar phenology to evolving risk windows. At the same time, adaptations can be maladaptive under compound extremes if designed for single hazards, highlighting the need for multi-stress resilience. Rapid progress in remote sensing of evapotranspiration, sensor networks, and artificial intelligence (AI) is enabling more timely and spatially explicit irrigation scheduling and drought response, but deployment constraints remain, including cost, data governance, skills, and infrastructure. The review concludes that the next frontier for CSA is integrated optimisation of WUE that explicitly accounts for extremes, trade-offs across scales, and equity in access to water-saving innovations.

Microbubble Technology (MBT) as Sustainable Option for the Preservation of Vegetables and Fruits: A Comprehensive Review

Anusree S. Kumar — 2026-03-26

Fruit and vegetable postharvest losses present serious obstacles to environmental sustainability, economic stability, and food security, with losses estimated between 25% and 40% globally due to mechanical damage and microbial spoilage. Conventional preservation techniques, such refrigeration and chemical treatments, frequently fall short in preserving the quality of fruit and extending its shelf life. Microbubble technology provides a novel, environmentally friendly solution with its small gas bubbles (less than 200 microns) and high surface area-to-volume ratios. Findings indicate that MB systems enhance gas dissolution and cleaning efficiency, reducing chemical usage by 20–30% and extending the shelf life of perishables like cherries and longan by up to 57%. By enhancing gas dissolution, microbial inactivation, and pollutant removal, these bubbles improve washing, disinfection, and storage. Microbubble treatments with ozone, carbon dioxide, and hypochlorous acid have demonstrated encouraging outcomes in terms of prolonging freshness, maintaining nutritional value, and lowering chemical usage. Microbubble technology offers a long-term cost-effective and environmentally friendly substitute for traditional preservation techniques, despite the higher initial investment required for specialized equipment. Future research should focus on optimizing its integration with other techniques to enhance its commercial viability and effectiveness in food preservation.

Artificial Diets for Silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) Rearing: Current Status and Future Scope

P. Yuvanthi — 2026-03-27

Artificial diets for silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) rearing have emerged as a significant technological advancement aimed at overcoming limitations associated with conventional mulberry leaf-based sericulture. Traditional rearing systems are constrained by seasonal leaf availability, labour intensity, geographical limitations, and increased risk of disease transmission through contaminated foliage. The development of artificial diets has enabled controlled, year-round rearing while providing standardized nutritional conditions that support both commercial silk production and experimental applications. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the historical development, nutritional requirements, formulation strategies, gut microbiome interactions, physiological responses, and commercial implications of artificial diet-based silkworm rearing. Protein quality and amino acid balance play a decisive role in larval growth and silk protein synthesis, while carbohydrates and lipids contribute to energy metabolism and physiological stability. Recent studies highlight the importance of gut microbiota in nutrient utilization and immune regulation, with probiotic and synbiotic approaches emerging as promising strategies to enhance performance under artificial feeding conditions (Xin et al., 2024). Although modern artificial diets can support complete silkworm development with performance approaching that of mulberry-fed systems, challenges remain in replicating the complex bioactive composition of natural leaves, maintaining microbial balance, and reducing production costs. Advances in metabolomics, microbiome research, precision nutrition, and sustainable ingredient sourcing provide new opportunities for optimizing artificial diet formulations. Future research should focus on improving nutritional efficiency, enhancing gut health, and integrating automated rearing technologies to ensure sustainable and economically viable sericulture systems. Artificial diet technology is therefore expected to play an increasingly important role in advancing modern sericulture and expanding silkworm applications in biotechnology and biomedical research.

Micronutrient Deficiency in Indian Soil: Causes, Correction Strategies, Impact on Crops, and Their Management in Indian Agriculture

Ashutosh Singh — 2026-03-30

Agricultural soil micronutrient deficiency is a serious worldwide issue that impacts crop yields and nutritional content, as well as food security, in various agroecosystems. Such essential micronutrients as zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and boron (B), molybdenum (Mo), chlorine (Cl) and nickel (Ni) are needed in small amounts but have invaluable functions in the metabolism of plants, enzyme activation, and stress tolerance. The review covers complex factors of micronutrient deficiency, including both natural soil properties like alkaline soil pH, high carbonate content, and insufficient organic matter and side effects of human activity like intensive crop production systems, unbalanced fertilization practices, and climate change. The paper speculatively examines the different correction techniques, which include the application of inorganic and chelated fertilizers to the soil, foliar supplementation, biofortification methods, and incorporation of organic amendments. Moreover, the deeper consequences of micronutrient deficiency of the parameters of the quality of crops, such as the protein level, antioxidant properties, prolongation of the shelf life, and the nutritional value of food to humans, are systematically considered. The analysis highlights the necessity of site-specific projects on micronutrient management, which would be applicable to the Indian agricultural setting, where sustainable intensification is encouraged, and nutritional security of the growing population is ensured. Future research priorities should emphasize development of cost-effective, environmentally sustainable correction strategies, genetic enhancement of crops for improved micronutrient acquisition and utilisation efficiency, and scaling of precision agriculture technologies for optimised resource deployment.

Anthelmintic Resistance in Farm and Companion Animals: A Review

Jashima Debbarma — 2026-03-31

Helminths are a class of worms that pose a serious threat to animal health all over the world. Parasite-caused infections reduce the productivity and well-being of livestock. The World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) raised awareness of this problem in 1992 by publishing techniques for identifying anthelmintic resistance. The most important factor influencing the rate at which AR develops is the frequency of treatment. Several management techniques, including pasture management and refugia, are used to try to prevent parasite infection and or maintain low infection pressure. These would lessen the need to use anthelmintics, which may help postpone the onset of AR. This review article included the development of AR in animals, detection of AR and the management of AR.

Eco-friendly Management of Alternaria Leaf Spot of Brinjal: A Review of Botanical Strategies

Vijay Kumar — 2026-04-01

Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is an important vegetable crop extensively cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions, where it holds considerable nutritional and economic value. Despite its wide adaptability and importance, brinjal productivity is significantly constrained by several diseases, among which Alternaria leaf spot, caused by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, is particularly destructive. The disease affects foliage and reduces photosynthetic efficiency, ultimately leading to substantial yield reductions that may range from 20 to 80% under favourable environmental conditions. This review synthesises current knowledge on the role of botanicals in managing Alternaria leaf spot of brinjal, highlighting their potential as eco-friendly disease control agents. Conventional management relies heavily on synthetic fungicides, which pose challenges such as high cost, environmental hazards, residual toxicity, and pathogen resistance. In recent years, botanicals have emerged as sustainable alternatives due to their eco-friendly nature, biodegradability, and diverse antifungal properties. Plant-derived extracts rich in secondary metabolites—such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolics, and essential oils—exhibit inhibitory effects on fungal growth and pathogenicity. Several botanicals, including neem, garlic, tulsi, and clove, have demonstrated promising efficacy both in vitro and in vivo against Alternaria spp. Their mechanisms of action involve disruption of fungal cell membranes, inhibition of enzymes, and suppression of toxin production. Greater emphasis is being placed on sustainable crop protection approaches that incorporate botanical extracts into integrated disease management programmes. The adoption of such strategies can reduce dependence on synthetic fungicides, minimise environmental risks, and promote safer and more sustainable agricultural production systems. Overall, the use of botanicals represents a viable and environmentally sound approach for the management of Alternaria leaf spot in brinjal.