Journal of Scientific Research and Reports

Non-bovine Dairy Revolution: Emerging Contributions to the Indian Milk Economy

V. M. Midhun — 2026-03-16

India’s milk economy is often narrated through the lens of cattle, yet much of its dynamism—and a growing share of its product innovation—sits outside the bovine (cow) frame. This review synthesizes evidence on the expanding role of non-bovine milks and dairy products in India, focusing on buffalo, goats, camels, yaks, and emerging niche species (e.g., donkey), and on how these sectors interact with livelihoods, markets, processing technologies, and sustainability goals. We argue that India’s “non-bovine dairy revolution” is not a single transition but a portfolio of pathways: (i) buffalo dairying as the scale backbone supporting fat-rich traditional products and industrial ingredient streams; (ii) goat dairying as a smallholder- and enterprise-friendly diversification with strong nutrition and premium-market narratives; (iii) camel dairying as an arid-land resilience option constrained by processing challenges yet supported by a fast-developing functional-food discourse; and (iv) high-altitude (yak) and niche milks as geographically anchored micro-economies with high value-per-litre potential. Across species, compositional differences influence digestibility, product yield, and technological suitability, while governance and value-chain modernization shape safety, traceability, and farmer returns. The review highlights actionable priorities: species-sensitive quality standards, cold-chain and aggregation models tailored to dispersed production, validated health-claim pathways, and climate-resilient breeding and feeding strategies. Collectively, non-bovine dairying can strengthen India’s milk economy by widening income options, supporting region-specific dairy clusters, and enabling differentiated products—provided investment, evidence, and regulation advance together.

Cut Foliage Crops: Production Systems, Postharvest Handling and Global Trade Perspectives

S. P. Mirunalini — 2026-03-20

Cut foliage crops represent an indispensable component of modern floriculture, contributing significantly to aesthetic value, economic sustainability and environmental quality. Their wide adaptability, long vase life and low production costs make them suitable for both domestic and export-oriented floriculture systems. Advances in propagation techniques, cultivation practices and postharvest management have enhanced the commercial potential of foliage crops. However, further research is required to develop standardized production protocols and improve postharvest technologies. Overall, cut foliage crops represent a sustainable, economically viable and aesthetically valuable segment of modern floriculture in both domestic and global markets.

Climate-Smart Agriculture Strategies for Improving Water-use Efficiency under Extreme Weather Conditions

S. Manivannan — 2026-03-23

Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) seeks to sustain productivity, strengthen adaptation and resilience, and, where feasible, reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Across these goals, water-use efficiency (WUE) and water productivity are central because climate change is intensifying hydroclimatic variability, increasing the frequency of hot extremes and droughts, and amplifying risks from compound heat–moisture events that can include both water deficit and moisture excess within the same growing season. This review synthesises advances since the mid-2000s in understanding and improving WUE under extreme weather, focusing on the coupling of crop physiology, soil–plant–atmosphere processes, irrigation and soil-water management, and emerging digital decision support. Evidence indicates that WUE is not a single trait but an outcome of interacting processes operating from leaf to canopy to field and basin scale, shaped by phenology, vapour pressure deficit, rooting dynamics, soil evaporation, and management that partitions limited water towards productive transpiration. Contemporary CSA strategies that improve WUE under extremes include stress-timed deficit irrigation and regulated deficit approaches, partial root-zone drying, alternate wetting and drying in rice, residue-based soil cover and conservation-agriculture principles, and improved matching of cultivar phenology to evolving risk windows. At the same time, adaptations can be maladaptive under compound extremes if designed for single hazards, highlighting the need for multi-stress resilience. Rapid progress in remote sensing of evapotranspiration, sensor networks, and artificial intelligence (AI) is enabling more timely and spatially explicit irrigation scheduling and drought response, but deployment constraints remain, including cost, data governance, skills, and infrastructure. The review concludes that the next frontier for CSA is integrated optimisation of WUE that explicitly accounts for extremes, trade-offs across scales, and equity in access to water-saving innovations.

Microbubble Technology (MBT) as Sustainable Option for the Preservation of Vegetables and Fruits: A Comprehensive Review

Anusree S. Kumar — 2026-03-26

Fruit and vegetable postharvest losses present serious obstacles to environmental sustainability, economic stability, and food security, with losses estimated between 25% and 40% globally due to mechanical damage and microbial spoilage. Conventional preservation techniques, such refrigeration and chemical treatments, frequently fall short in preserving the quality of fruit and extending its shelf life. Microbubble technology provides a novel, environmentally friendly solution with its small gas bubbles (less than 200 microns) and high surface area-to-volume ratios. Findings indicate that MB systems enhance gas dissolution and cleaning efficiency, reducing chemical usage by 20–30% and extending the shelf life of perishables like cherries and longan by up to 57%. By enhancing gas dissolution, microbial inactivation, and pollutant removal, these bubbles improve washing, disinfection, and storage. Microbubble treatments with ozone, carbon dioxide, and hypochlorous acid have demonstrated encouraging outcomes in terms of prolonging freshness, maintaining nutritional value, and lowering chemical usage. Microbubble technology offers a long-term cost-effective and environmentally friendly substitute for traditional preservation techniques, despite the higher initial investment required for specialized equipment. Future research should focus on optimizing its integration with other techniques to enhance its commercial viability and effectiveness in food preservation.

Artificial Diets for Silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) Rearing: Current Status and Future Scope

P. Yuvanthi — 2026-03-27

Artificial diets for silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) rearing have emerged as a significant technological advancement aimed at overcoming limitations associated with conventional mulberry leaf-based sericulture. Traditional rearing systems are constrained by seasonal leaf availability, labour intensity, geographical limitations, and increased risk of disease transmission through contaminated foliage. The development of artificial diets has enabled controlled, year-round rearing while providing standardized nutritional conditions that support both commercial silk production and experimental applications. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the historical development, nutritional requirements, formulation strategies, gut microbiome interactions, physiological responses, and commercial implications of artificial diet-based silkworm rearing. Protein quality and amino acid balance play a decisive role in larval growth and silk protein synthesis, while carbohydrates and lipids contribute to energy metabolism and physiological stability. Recent studies highlight the importance of gut microbiota in nutrient utilization and immune regulation, with probiotic and synbiotic approaches emerging as promising strategies to enhance performance under artificial feeding conditions (Xin et al., 2024). Although modern artificial diets can support complete silkworm development with performance approaching that of mulberry-fed systems, challenges remain in replicating the complex bioactive composition of natural leaves, maintaining microbial balance, and reducing production costs. Advances in metabolomics, microbiome research, precision nutrition, and sustainable ingredient sourcing provide new opportunities for optimizing artificial diet formulations. Future research should focus on improving nutritional efficiency, enhancing gut health, and integrating automated rearing technologies to ensure sustainable and economically viable sericulture systems. Artificial diet technology is therefore expected to play an increasingly important role in advancing modern sericulture and expanding silkworm applications in biotechnology and biomedical research.

Micronutrient Deficiency in Indian Soil: Causes, Correction Strategies, Impact on Crops, and Their Management in Indian Agriculture

Ashutosh Singh — 2026-03-30

Agricultural soil micronutrient deficiency is a serious worldwide issue that impacts crop yields and nutritional content, as well as food security, in various agroecosystems. Such essential micronutrients as zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and boron (B), molybdenum (Mo), chlorine (Cl) and nickel (Ni) are needed in small amounts but have invaluable functions in the metabolism of plants, enzyme activation, and stress tolerance. The review covers complex factors of micronutrient deficiency, including both natural soil properties like alkaline soil pH, high carbonate content, and insufficient organic matter and side effects of human activity like intensive crop production systems, unbalanced fertilization practices, and climate change. The paper speculatively examines the different correction techniques, which include the application of inorganic and chelated fertilizers to the soil, foliar supplementation, biofortification methods, and incorporation of organic amendments. Moreover, the deeper consequences of micronutrient deficiency of the parameters of the quality of crops, such as the protein level, antioxidant properties, prolongation of the shelf life, and the nutritional value of food to humans, are systematically considered. The analysis highlights the necessity of site-specific projects on micronutrient management, which would be applicable to the Indian agricultural setting, where sustainable intensification is encouraged, and nutritional security of the growing population is ensured. Future research priorities should emphasize development of cost-effective, environmentally sustainable correction strategies, genetic enhancement of crops for improved micronutrient acquisition and utilisation efficiency, and scaling of precision agriculture technologies for optimised resource deployment.

Anthelmintic Resistance in Farm and Companion Animals: A Review

Jashima Debbarma — 2026-03-31

Helminths are a class of worms that pose a serious threat to animal health all over the world. Parasite-caused infections reduce the productivity and well-being of livestock. The World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) raised awareness of this problem in 1992 by publishing techniques for identifying anthelmintic resistance. The most important factor influencing the rate at which AR develops is the frequency of treatment. Several management techniques, including pasture management and refugia, are used to try to prevent parasite infection and or maintain low infection pressure. These would lessen the need to use anthelmintics, which may help postpone the onset of AR. This review article included the development of AR in animals, detection of AR and the management of AR.

Eco-friendly Management of Alternaria Leaf Spot of Brinjal: A Review of Botanical Strategies

Vijay Kumar — 2026-04-01

Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is an important vegetable crop extensively cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions, where it holds considerable nutritional and economic value. Despite its wide adaptability and importance, brinjal productivity is significantly constrained by several diseases, among which Alternaria leaf spot, caused by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, is particularly destructive. The disease affects foliage and reduces photosynthetic efficiency, ultimately leading to substantial yield reductions that may range from 20 to 80% under favourable environmental conditions. This review synthesises current knowledge on the role of botanicals in managing Alternaria leaf spot of brinjal, highlighting their potential as eco-friendly disease control agents. Conventional management relies heavily on synthetic fungicides, which pose challenges such as high cost, environmental hazards, residual toxicity, and pathogen resistance. In recent years, botanicals have emerged as sustainable alternatives due to their eco-friendly nature, biodegradability, and diverse antifungal properties. Plant-derived extracts rich in secondary metabolites—such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolics, and essential oils—exhibit inhibitory effects on fungal growth and pathogenicity. Several botanicals, including neem, garlic, tulsi, and clove, have demonstrated promising efficacy both in vitro and in vivo against Alternaria spp. Their mechanisms of action involve disruption of fungal cell membranes, inhibition of enzymes, and suppression of toxin production. Greater emphasis is being placed on sustainable crop protection approaches that incorporate botanical extracts into integrated disease management programmes. The adoption of such strategies can reduce dependence on synthetic fungicides, minimise environmental risks, and promote safer and more sustainable agricultural production systems. Overall, the use of botanicals represents a viable and environmentally sound approach for the management of Alternaria leaf spot in brinjal.

Review on Ideal Growing Media for Sustainable Plant Growth and Soilless Cultivation

S. Bharathi — 2026-04-03

In contemporary horticulture, growing media is crucial. Soil-less media provides superior aeration, water retention, structural and chemical support and nutrient availability for plant growth as compared to conventional soils. A perfect growing medium should be lightweight, well-drained, porous, and able to retain the right amount of moisture and nutrients. Potting media, which includes cocopeat, eggshell powder, vermicompost, charcoal, rice husk ash, neem cake, and microorganisms like Trichoderma, is made from a variety of inorganic and organic elements. By boosting porosity, pH buffering, water-holding capacity, nutrient availability and microbial activity, growing media enhances their physical and chemical characteristics. A well-designed growing mixture can greatly increase nutrient uptake and plant growth yield as compared to soil-based media, according to case studies of a variety of horticultural plants. Therefore, selecting an appropriate component and preserving the right physical and chemical characteristics are necessary to provide effective and appropriate growing media for the development of horticulture crops.

Reproductive Control in the Bitch after Unplanned Mating (Misalliance): A Comprehensive Narrative Review

Chitralekha Deo — 2026-04-09

Unplanned or unwanted mating, commonly referred to as misalliance or mismating, remains one of the most frequently encountered reproductive emergencies in small animal veterinary practice. The clinical management of misalliance in the bitch has evolved substantially over the past four decades, transitioning from the widespread use of oestrogenic compounds—which carried significant risks of bone marrow suppression and potentially fatal aplastic anaemia—to more targeted pharmacological strategies that exploit the unique endocrinology of canine pregnancy. The domestic bitch is unusual among domestic species in that the corpus luteum is the sole source of progesterone throughout gestation, with no placental progesterone production, rendering pregnancy entirely luteal-dependent. This characteristic has permitted the development of highly effective abortifacient protocols based upon progesterone receptor antagonism, luteolysis through prostaglandin administration, and suppression of the luteotrophic hormone prolactin via dopamine agonists. Aglepristone, a synthetic antiprogestin, has emerged as the most widely used and best-characterised agent for pregnancy termination in the bitch, demonstrating efficacy rates exceeding ninety-five per cent when administered during the first half of gestation. Combination protocols employing aglepristone together with prostaglandin analogues or dopamine agonists such as cabergoline have further improved success rates, particularly in mid- to late-gestation cases. Surgical ovariohysterectomy remains the definitive option when future breeding is not desired or when medical contraindications preclude pharmacological management. This review provides a comprehensive appraisal of the physiological basis, pharmacological mechanisms, clinical protocols, efficacy data, and safety profiles of the principal methods available for reproductive control following misalliance in the bitch, drawing upon evidence published in the peer-reviewed veterinary literature.

Hydroponics, Vertical Farming and Carbon Footprint Dynamics: Pathways toward Climate-Resilient Food Systems

Aishika Halder — 2026-04-13

Rapid urbanization, climate instability, shrinking arable land, and increasing food demand are intensifying pressure on global agricultural systems. Conventional farming methods, while foundational to food production, contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions, water depletion, soil degradation, and biodiversity loss. In response, smart farming technologies, hydroponics, and vertical agriculture have emerged as controlled-environment production systems that promise land-use efficiency, water conservation, and localized supply chains. However, the environmental sustainability of these systems remains contested due to high electricity demand and embodied carbon emissions. This review critically examines the carbon footprint implications of hydroponic vertical farming compared with conventional open-field and greenhouse systems. It elaborates on greenhouse gas accounting methodologies, life cycle assessment techniques, energy-based emission modeling, and emerging sensor-based carbon monitoring systems. This review suggest that hydroponic vertical farming can significantly contribute to urban food resilience and environmental sustainability when supported by renewable energy transitions and technological efficiency improvements. Rather than replacing conventional agriculture, it functions most effectively as a complementary climate-smart production system.

Recent Advances in Mulberry Cultivation and Improvement for Sustainable Sericulture: A Literature Review

P. Lokeshkumar — 2026-04-17

Mulberry (Morus spp.) is the primary host plant of the silkworm Bombyx mori and plays a fundamental role in determining silk productivity and quality. Improving mulberry cultivation through advanced agronomic practices and modern biotechnological tools has become essential for sustainable sericulture. This review summarizes recent progress in mulberry research, including germplasm diversity, propagation technologies, genetic and genomic improvement, stress tolerance mechanisms, nutrient management, and leaf quality optimization. Conventional propagation methods such as cuttings and grafting remain widely used, while mini clonal technology and tissue culture enable rapid multiplication of elite varieties. Molecular approaches including marker-assisted selection, transgenic technologies, and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing have opened new opportunities for improving stress tolerance and leaf nutritional quality. Integrated nutrient management and organic fertilization have also demonstrated significant potential for enhancing mulberry leaf yield and soil health. Furthermore, emerging technologies such as precision agriculture, hyperspectral sensing, and artificial intelligence are increasingly being explored for efficient mulberry cultivation and real-time monitoring of leaf quality. Despite these advances, further research is required to bridge the gap between laboratory innovations and field-level applications. The integration of biotechnology, sustainable agronomic practices, and digital technologies will be crucial for enhancing mulberry productivity and ensuring the long-term sustainability of the sericulture industry.

Controlled-Environment Agriculture and Vertical Farming for Horticultural Crops: Lighting, Automation, and Resource-Use Efficiency

Shivaji Kallappa Duradundi — 2026-04-18

Controlled-environment agriculture (CEA) and vertical farming represent transformative approaches to horticulture that decouple crop production from the vagaries of outdoor climate, land availability, and seasonal constraints. These systems integrate precise manipulation of light, temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide, and nutrient delivery to optimise plant growth and quality. This review aims to support researchers, industry practitioners, and policymakers in identifying the most promising pathways for advancing CEA and vertical farming as viable components of sustainable urban food systems. This review focuses on peer-reviewed research and authoritative technical reports published primarily since 2005, addressing controlled-environment agriculture and vertical farming for horticultural crops. LED technology has emerged as the dominant radiation source, offering tunable spectral outputs, reduced heat load, and substantially lower energy consumption than legacy sources such as high-pressure sodium and fluorescent lamps. Automation, encompassing IoT-enabled sensor networks, robotics, and artificial intelligence, is increasingly deployed to manage climate and crop monitoring, reduce labour costs, and enhance predictive capacity. Resource-use efficiency—including water, nutrients, energy, and land—has been demonstrated to be significantly superior to conventional field production in many crop scenarios, most notably for short-cycle leafy vegetables and herbs. Nevertheless, high capital investment, energy demands for artificial lighting, and challenges in scalability remain significant barriers to mainstream adoption. This review critically evaluates the state of knowledge across these domains, addresses crop performance, economic dimensions, and environmental sustainability, and highlights avenues for future research and commercialisation, emphasising the urgent need for integrated systems approaches and policy support to make CEA viable at scale.

Sustainable Cold Chain Management of Dairy Foods: Energy Efficiency, Monitoring, and Logistics Strategies

R. Devaraju — 2026-04-18

The sustainable management of the dairy cold chain is crucial for maintaining freshness while reducing energy use, emissions, and waste during milk handling. This article introduces a framework for sustainable dairy chain management, focusing on technological, operational, and policy mechanisms to enhance freshness, conserve energy, reduce emissions, and minimize waste. The key measures include variable-speed motor compressors, smart refrigeration controls, and CO₂ refrigerants. IoT sensors enable real-time temperature monitoring, alerts, analytics, predictive maintenance, and spoilage detection. Packaging innovations involve biodegradable materials, vacuum-insulated panels, phase-change materials, lightweight polymer blends, and smart packaging with time-temperature indicators (TTIs) or radio-frequency identification (RFID), supported by temperature testing. Logistics strategies emphasize route optimization, multimodal transport, strategic hubs, regional centers, stakeholder training, and sustainability. The integration of renewable energy with battery storage and energy management systems reduces emissions, supported by policy incentives. This article examines circular economy pathways such as whey valorization, wastewater treatment, biogas production, energy-efficient storage, IoT, blockchain, and capacity building. These actions lower the carbon footprint, improve reliability, reduce product loss, and enhance energy security in regions with limited infrastructure.

Artificial Intelligence, Public Policy and Governance - implications for Economic Management and Political Systems

Glory Mmerechi Triumph Okereke — 2026-04-20

As a General-Purpose Technology (GPT), Artificial Intelligence (AI) is fundamentally reconfiguring state capacity, as well as the mechanics of global economic management. This systematic review examines current research studies (2018-2026) to assess the socio-political consequences of artificial intelligence-driven governance in three key dimensions - policy integration, economic consequences and democratic legitimacy. Following the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting of Items in a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA), the outcomes of this review show a structural shift from "street level" bureaucracies to "system-level" architectures that can be defined as the institutional division of "Artificial Discretion" to algorithmic infrastructures - with empirical evidence showing great gains in efficiency at routinised administrative tasks and fiscal forecasting, offsets by a growing "Efficiency-Legitimacy Paradox". The findings reveal the importance of the "black box" nature of automated systems, epitomised by the Australian 'Robo-debt' scandal, that undermines the democratic social contract and principles of procedural justice. Furthermore, the synthesis presents a stark geopolitical divide between the "AI Core" nations and the Global South; the latter group faces acute risks of "Digital Dependency" as well as eroded digital sovereignty. In order to alleviate these types of tensions, the review examines the effectiveness of visibility mechanisms, such as public algorithm registers or role-sensitive explainability, in regaining citizen trust. The study concludes that the sustainability of the algorithmic state rests on a movement from technocratic secrecy to value-based transparency that will ensure that AI- and human collaboration is founded on institutional accountability and algorithmic justice.

Morphological Characterisation of Desi and Kabuli Chickpea Genotypes Using DUS Descriptors for Improved Breeding and Genetic Conservation

S. N. Mishra — 2026-04-21

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the most important pulse crops grown in India and plays a key role in human nutrition. Studying morphological characters is a simple and effective way to understand visible differences among chickpea plants. This review focuses on the morphological characterisation of Desi and Kabuli chickpea types using the DUS (Distinctness, Uniformity, and Stability) descriptors developed by the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Authority (PPV&FRA), Government of India. Morphological traits such as plant growth habit, leaf type, flower colour, and seed characteristics help in identifying and differentiating chickpea genotypes. These traits can be influenced by environmental factors like temperature, light, humidity, and soil nutrients. The availability of diverse morphological traits in chickpea germplasm provides useful options for plant breeders to select better varieties. Morphological characterisation using DUS descriptors is a valuable approach for identifying and differentiating chickpea genotypes, supporting breeding programs and the development of improved varieties. Overall, morphological characterisation remains a cost-effective first-tier tool but should ideally be combined with molecular approaches for robust variety registration and breeding.

Synthesis and Characterization of Fe-doped Manganese Oxide Nanoparticle for Photocatalytic Degradation of Indigo Blue Dye

Milind S. Deshpande — 2026-03-23

Fe-doped manganese oxide nanoparticles were successfully produced using the chemical precipitation method. The generated nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDAX, FTIR, and UV. The average crystallite size of the sample was examined using the XRD method. The Fe-doped MnO₂ NPs crystallite size was determined to be 11.56 nm. The morphology and grain size were ascertained using SEM images. They exhibit tiny granules that range in size from 10 to 40 nm. The elemental composition of Fe-doped MnO₂ NPs was confirmed by EDAX to be 77.20 Fe, 20.60 Mn, and 2.20 O₂. The FTIR tests reveal high absorption peaks for many functional groups, including C=O, CO₂, NH⁺, O-H, and MnO₂. In the UV spectra, the optical band gap was calculated between 1.5 and 5.0 eV. XRD examination revealed that the average particle size of Fe-doped MnO₂ nanoparticles was 11.56 nm. The produced nanoparticles were appropriate for the photo-catalytic degradation of the colour indigo blue.

Potential of Hydrolate and Aqueous Extract of Gallesia integrifolia (Spreng.) Harms on the Germination of Sorghum Seeds

Andressa Roberta Carneiro — 2026-04-03

Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench is an important crop for animal feed, owing to its tolerance to marginal soils and challenging climatic conditions. However, agricultural technologies such as pesticides and genetically modified (GM) crops raise environmental concerns, underscoring the need for natural seed treatments. This study evaluated the effects of hydrolate (a by-product of essential oil hydro distillation) and the aqueous extract from Gallesia integrifolia Spreng. Harms (pau-d'alho) on germination and initial growth of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench seeds. Experiments used a 2×5 factorial (product × concentration: 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 mL/100 kg seeds) in a completely randomized design with four replicates. Parameters assessed: First Count (FC), Total Germination (TG), germination speed index (GSI), root length (RL), shoot length (SL), total dry mass (TDM). Data were analyzed by ANOVA, Tukey test (5%), and regression. Hydrolate-treated seeds showed 25% higher RL (6.51 cm vs. 5.27 cm) and 17% higher SL (4.89 cm vs. 4.15 cm) than extract-treated seeds (p≤0.05). No differences in FC (21.5% vs. 22.0%), TG (26% vs. 28%), GSI (5.66 vs. 5.44), or TDM (5.08 vs. 5.33 mg). RL increased linearly with hydrolate dose; the extract peaked at 8.5 mL/100 kg and then declined, indicating phytotoxicity >10 mL/100 kg. G. integrifolia hydrolate enhances sorghum seedling vigor without toxicity up to 20 mL/100 kg, outperforming aqueous extract. This valorizes an aromatic by-product for sustainable seed treatment, supporting green chemistry in agriculture. Future studies should fractionate the hydrolate using GC-MS to isolate bioactive compounds and evaluate their efficacy under field conditions in the edaphoclimatic environment of Paraná.

Agricultural Market Intelligence as an Extension Tool for Improving Farm Income: Evidence from Andhra Pradesh, India

G. Raghunadha Reddy — 2026-03-17

Price volatility and information asymmetry in agricultural markets frequently restrict farmers from maximizing their revenue. To address this gap, the Agricultural Market Intelligence Centre (AMIC) at Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU), Andhra Pradesh, developed a robust price forecasting and dissemination mechanism. Utilizing advanced predictive models, including Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), AMIC generates crop price forecasts with validated accuracy rates ranging from 86.54% to 96.38%. These forecasts are distributed synchronously with crop production and marketing seasons via diverse ICT channels, including SMS, digital portals, regional agricultural publications, and a network of 10,776 Rythu Seva Kendras (RSKs). This studyevaluates the socioeconomic impact of AMIC’s advisories during the 2024–2025 agricultural year, based on a sample of 434 farmers cultivating groundnut, cotton, black gram, maize, turmeric and jowar. The findings reveal a 61.11% awareness rate regarding the disseminated forecasts, with an active adoption rate of 33.13%. Crucially, farmers who aligned their marketing decisions with AMIC advisories realized a significant economic advantage, securing an average premium of ₹451 per quintal on their sale proceeds. The study concludes that deploying data-driven market intelligence through robust digital infrastructures is essential for building sustainable food systems and actively advancing the national vision of an Atmanirbhar Bharat.

Alterations in Serum Mineral Concentrations Following Mineral Mixture Supplementation in Postpartum Anestrus Buffaloes

Suryakant Sahu — 2026-03-17

Postpartum anestrus is a common reproductive problem in buffaloes, particularly under hot–humid climatic conditions, and is often associated with nutritional and mineral imbalances. Adequate macro- and micro-minerals play a crucial role in regulating endocrine function and ovarian activity, making mineral supplementation a potential strategy for improving reproductive performance. The present research was conducted to evaluate the effect of mineral mixture supplementation on the serum mineral profile in postpartum anestrus buffaloes during the hot humid season. A total of 18 postpartum anestrus buffaloes were selected for an on-farm trial and divided into two treatment groups (T₁ and T₂) and one control group, comprising 6 animals in each group. The treatment group T₁ received chelated mineral mixture (CMM) supplementation (50 g/day) for 15 days. Group T₂ was subjected to CMM as in T₁ plus Garbhov bolus (1 bolus/day) with feed for 15 days, while the control group was maintained on routine feeding without mineral supplementation. Blood samples were collected on Day 0 (before starting supplementation) and on Day 20, i.e., 5 days after completion of supplementation, and were analyzed for serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, cobalt, iron, selenium, and zinc between groups (pre- and post-treatment). Results indicated a significant (p<0.05) increase in serum levels of phosphorus, copper, iron, and zinc in T₁ and calcium, magnesium, copper, and cobalt in T₂ compared to baseline and control animals. The findings suggest that mineral mixture supplementation effectively restores mineral balance in postpartum anestrus buffaloes and may play a supportive role in improving reproductive efficiency, particularly under heat stress conditions.

Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) Fruiting Body Waste Powder on Growth Performance, Nutrient Utilization and Feed Cost Economics of Broiler Chicken

Sumit Raja — 2026-03-18

A feeding trial was carried out in Instructional Poultry Farm (IPF), Nagla, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, during May, 2025 to June, 2025 (42 days), to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) fruiting body waste powder on growth performance, nutrient utilization and feed cost economics of broiler chicken. In the feeding trial, a total of 120-day-old broiler chicks (cobb 430) were randomly distributed in a Completely Randomized Design into four treatment groups, with 30 chicks per treatment and three replicates of ten chicks each. T1 group served as control in which standard diet without any supplementation was fed, while T2, T3 and T4 treatment groups were supplemented with 1%, 2% and 3% mushroom fruiting body powder, respectively. Body weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and performance index were recorded weekly. Metabolism trial was conducted to assess nutrient utilization. Feed cost economics were also calculated. Dietary supplementation of mushroom fruiting body waste powder significantly (P < .05) influenced growth performance, nutrient utilization and economics of broiler chickens. Birds fed 2.0% mushroom fruiting body waste powder exhibited significantly higher body weight gain, improved feed conversion ratio, and the highest performance index compared to other treatments (P < 0.05). Dry matter and crude protein digestibility were also significantly improved (P < 0.05) in mushroom fruiting body waste supplemented groups. Overall, T3 and T4 emerged as the most economical treatment, as it recorded the lowest cost per kilogram body weight gain along with significantly higher net profit. Dietary supplementation of mushroom fruiting body waste powder at 2.0% inclusion level improved growth performance, nutrient utilization, and economics of Broiler chicks, suggesting its potential as a safe and sustainable phytogenic feed additive in broiler production.

Solar PV Performance and Shading Analysis in a Rooftop Agro-Voltaic System

M. Z. Sheikh — 2026-03-18

The integration of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems with agricultural activities, known as rooftop agro-voltaic system (RTAVS), offers a promising approach to simultaneously meet energy and food production demands in urban and peri-urban areas. The study evaluates the energy performance and shading effect of a 76.8 kWp rooftop PV system installed at the CAET, DBSKKV, Dapoli, MH, India. The system comprises 240 mono-crystalline modules arranged in 12 strings and was monitored over two experimental periods (October 2022–May 2023 and October 2023–May 2024), covering winter and summer seasons. Energy performance was analyzed and shadow trajectory analysis was conducted using a 3D SketchUp model to simulate seasonal and daily shading patterns, quantifying shadow coverage over the cultivable area. Results demonstrated a strong correlation between solar irradiance and energy generation (R² = 0.984), indicating stable PV system performance under rooftop agro-voltaic conditions, with an estimated annual energy yield of 81,896 kWh. Seasonal shadow coverage ranged from 42.9% in winter to 18.9% in summer, with an overall mean of 30.9%. Moderate shading under RTAVS provided favorable conditions for shade-tolerant crops without compromising PV performance, confirming the technical feasibility of dual land use in urban renewable energy applications. This study presents a combined evaluation of PV performance and shadow trajectory in a rooftop agro-voltaic system, which has received limited attention in previous studies.

Avian Species Driven Cultivable Bacterial Community from the Coastal Ecosystem of Gujarat, India

Leena Agravat — 2026-03-18

Background: Coastal birds are particularly interesting models for microbiome research because they rely on dynamic interface ecosystems in which terrestrial, freshwater, and marine influences converge.

Aim: The study aims to investigate the factors shaping culturable bacterial communities associated with coastal birds and determine the relative influence of host species identity versus environmental filtering along the Gujarat coast.

Study Design: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted to examine bacterial communities in 12 coastal bird species across four distinct habitat types.

Place and Duration of the Study: Four coastal sites in Gujarat, India: Bhavnagar (industrial mudflats), Hathab (sandy beach), Mithi Virdi (estuarine mangroves), and Cabel Bridge (tidal creek salt marsh). Sampling was conducted during high-tide periods and from injured birds rescued during "Karuna Abhiyan".

Methodology: Fecal, tracheal, and cloacal swabs were collected from 12 coastal bird species. Bacteria were cultured on Zobell Marine agar, EMB, and MacConkey agar under aerobic conditions at 37°C. Isolates were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and BLAST analysis. Phylogenetic reconstruction was performed using maximum likelihood. Community analyses included PERMANOVA, beta diversity, indicator species analysis, SIMPER, variation partitioning, and CCA using Jaccard dissimilarity matrices.

Results: Fifty-seven isolates represented 29 species across 17 genera, dominated by Firmicutes (70.2%), Proteobacteria (15.8%), and Actinobacteria (14.0%). PERMANOVA revealed host species identity as the primary factor structuring communities, explaining 24.0% of the variation (p=0.001), whereas site and compartment effects were not significant. Beta diversity was significantly higher between than within species (p=0.0011). Indicator analysis identified six significant associations after correction: Priestia megaterium with shorebirds (p-adjusted=0.012), Mammaliicoccus sciuri with pond heron (p-adjusted=0.015), Cytobacillus firmus with crab plover (p-adjusted=0.028), and halophilic taxa (Salinicoccus roseus, Citricoccus massiliensis) with gulls (p-adjusted=0.021-0.023). Environmental parameters showed no relationship with community composition (CCA p=0.481). Variation partitioning confirmed that host species contributed the largest unique fraction (8.7%).

Conclusion: Host ecological identity, mediated by foraging guilds and behavioral niches, is the primary determinant of culturable bacterial communities in coastal birds. The detection of potentially opportunistic taxa underscores the role of birds as reservoirs within the OneHealth framework. This study establishes a critical baseline for avian microbiomes in biodiverse coastal regions.

Spatial Assessment of DTPA-Extractable Cationic Micronutrients in Calcareous Alluvial Soils of Vaishali District, Bihar, India

Sanjay Kumar Singh — 2026-03-19

This study investigated the spatial distribution and availability of DTPA-extractable cationic micronutrients in calcareous alluvial soils of Vaishali district, Bihar, India. A total of 139 geo-referenced surface soil samples (0–15 cm) were collected using a grid-based sampling approach covering major administrative blocks. Soil physicochemical properties, including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and organic carbon (OC), were analyzed along with DTPA-extractable zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) following standard procedures. Soils were predominantly neutral to moderately alkaline (pH 7.02–8.36; mean 7.95) with low salinity (EC 0.11–2.48 dS m⁻¹; mean 0.31 dS m⁻¹) and low to medium organic carbon content (0.21–1.21%; mean 0.54%). Available Zn ranged from 0.14 to 2.43 mg kg⁻¹ (mean 0.91 mg kg⁻¹), with 45.32% of samples below the critical limit (<0.78 mg kg⁻¹), indicating widespread zinc deficiency. Iron content varied from 4.35 to 32.78 mg kg⁻¹ (mean 14.37 mg kg⁻¹), with 64.43% of samples in the high category. Manganese ranged from 2.27 to 5.99 mg kg⁻¹ (mean 3.41 mg kg⁻¹), where 38.85% of samples were deficient. Copper content (0.47–1.47 mg kg⁻¹; mean 0.70 mg kg⁻¹) was largely adequate, with more than 75% of samples in the medium range. Descriptive statistics revealed moderate variability in micronutrient distribution across the district. Correlation analysis indicated weak to moderate relationships among soil properties and micronutrients, including a positive association between EC and Cu (r = 0.297) and a moderate negative relationship between Fe and Mn (r = –0.399). The results highlight significant spatial heterogeneity and emphasize the need for site-specific micronutrient management, particularly zinc fertilization, to sustain soil fertility and enhance crop productivity in calcareous soils of the Indo-Gangetic plains.

Diversity of Diurnal Insect Pollinators in Mustard (Brassica juncea) Agro-ecosystems

L. S. Chaudhary — 2026-03-19

Pollinator diversity enhances ecosystem resilience and ensures stable pollination under varying environmental conditions. A field study was conducted to assess the diversity and community structure of diurnal insect pollinators associated with mustard (Brassica juncea). Pollinators were recorded through quadrate observations, sweep netting and visual counts during the flowering period. Five insect orders were recorded during the study, among which Hymenoptera exhibited the highest species richness (16 species), followed by Diptera (11 species) and Lepidoptera (10 species). Hymenoptera also showed the highest diversity with a Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H′) of 2.30 and Simpson’s diversity index of 8.02, along with comparatively lower dominance (Berger–Parker dominance index = 0.19). Diptera and Lepidoptera also recorded relatively high diversity and evenness, indicating a balanced representation of species within these orders. In contrast, Coleoptera and Hemiptera were comparatively species-poor with lower species richness; however, these groups exhibited relatively higher evenness values, indicated a more uniform distribution of individuals among the limited number of species present. The study highlights the ecological significance of diverse diurnal insect pollinators in mustard agro-ecosystems and supports the need for their conservation to sustain pollination services.

An Empirical Analysis of Groundnut Area, Output and Productivity in Madhya Pradesh, India

Madhusudan Tiwari — 2026-03-20

Madhya Pradesh is one of the leading agricultural states in India and plays an important role in the production of oilseed crops. The state is well known for its large-scale cultivation of soybean and other oilseed crops, which contribute significantly to the agricultural economy of the region. The present study examines the trends in area, production, and productivity of groundnut cultivation in Madhya Pradesh over the period 2012–13 to 2024–25. Using time-series data and statistical tools such as absolute change, relative change, coefficient of variation (CV), simple growth rate (SGR), compound growth rate (CGR), and linear trend analysis, the research evaluates the growth performance and variability in groundnut farming. The findings reveal a substantial increase in cultivated area and total production, with area expanding by 111.63 percent and production rising by 133.73 percent during the study period. Productivity also recorded a moderate improvement of 10.38 percent. Although fluctuations were observed due to climatic and other external factors, the overall trend remains positive. Growth rate analysis confirms sustained expansion in both area and output, while productivity shows steady but comparatively modest improvement. The study highlights the importance of technological advancement, improved agronomic practices, and policy support in strengthening groundnut cultivation and ensuring long-term stability in production.

Influence of Dietary Supplementation of Phyllanthus emblica (Amla) Leaf Powder on Haemato-Biochemical Profile and Serum Antioxidant Status of Japanese Quail

Mayank Rawat — 2026-03-21

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of graded levels of Amla (Phyllanthus emblica) leaf powder on haematological, serum biochemical, enzyme activities, mineral profile, and antioxidant status of Japanese quail, with emphasis on metabolic health and physiological safety. The experiment was conducted at the Instructional Poultry Farm, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India, during June-July 2025, for a period of six weeks. A total of 180 Japanese quail chicks were allotted under a completely randomized design, each with three replicates of twelve birds, and were randomly assigned to five different dietary treatments. A control diet (T1), a basal diet supplemented with 0.5% Amla fruit powder (T2), and basal diets supplemented with 0.5% (T3), 1.0% (T4), and 2.0% (T5) Amla leaf powder were included among the treatments. Blood samples were taken at 42 days of age from representative birds to evaluate haematological parameters, serum biochemical parameters, enzyme activities, mineral profile, and antioxidant status of Japanese quail. Duncan's multiple range test and general linear model procedures were used to analyze the data. Haematological parameters, serum glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin–globulin ratio, serum enzyme activities (serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase), and serum calcium and phosphorus did not differ significantly (P>0.05) among treatments, indicating physiological safety of Amla leaf supplementation. Serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were significantly reduced (P<0.05) in birds fed 1% and 2% Amla leaf powder (T4 and T5) compared to control. Antioxidant status improved significantly (P<0.05), as evidenced by higher SOD and GSH activities and lower MDA levels, with the most pronounced effect observed in the T4 group. The present study concludes that dietary supplementation of Amla leaf powder, particularly at 1% inclusion level, effectively improved lipid profile and antioxidant status without adversely affecting haematological or metabolic parameters. Amla leaves can thus serve as a safe, cost-effective, and natural phytogenic feed additive for enhancing metabolic health in Japanese quail.

Cost and Profitability Analysis of Mango Cultivation: Evidence from South Konkan Region of Maharashtra, India

A. S. Akhare — 2026-03-23

Mango cultivation plays a significant role in the horticultural economy of Konkan region of Maharashtra and provides an important source of livelihood for farmers. The present study examines the cost structure and profitability of mango cultivation in the South Konkan region, comprising Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg districts. A multistage sampling design was adopted to select 120 mango growers from six tahsils and twelve villages. Primary data were collected through personal interviews using a structured and pre-tested interview schedule during the agricultural year 2023–24. Standard cost concept, namely Cost-A, Cost-B, and Cost-C, was employed to estimate the cost of cultivation and profitability. The results indicated that the total cost of cultivation (Cost-C) was ₹2,29,781 per hectare in Ratnagiri and ₹2,31,953 per hectare in Sindhudurg, with a regional average of ₹2,30,837 per hectare. Hired human labour, rental value of land, and amortization cost constituted the major components of total production cost. The average yield was 31.83 quintals per hectare, generating gross returns of ₹4,09,986 per hectare. The benefit-cost ratio over Cost-C was 1.78, indicating that mango cultivation in the South Konkan region is economically viable, with relatively higher profitability observed in Sindhudurg district.

Diversity and Composition of Insect Communities in the Paddy – Teak Agroforest Ecosystem of Farmer Field in Kowdipally of Medak District, Telangana, India

Pasham Sravani — 2026-03-23

Rice is a staple food crop across much of India and is one of the country’s most important agricultural products. A Study was conducted in agroforest ecosystem (Rice +Teak) of farmer’s field during Kharif season from July to November 2024-2025 at Medak district, Telangana, India. Investigation of insect fauna in rice ecosystem bordered with teak plantations (agroforest ecosystem) and monocropping rice ecosystem was not studied in the present study area, systematically. So, an attempt was made to document the abundance of insect composition at Farmer’s field in Kanchanpally village of Kowdipally mandal. The present study revealed that altogether 1906 individuals from major insect order like (Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Araneae, Coleoptera) were collected using different trapping methods, of which highest number of individuals were recorded from order Lepidoptera (Yeloow stem borer) with 342 individuals and least from the order Blattodea with only three individuals in the agroforest ecosystem. Also, study revealed population of natural enemies were higher due to habitat manipulation and reduced insect pest pressure.

Assessment of Long-term Spatial and Temporal Soil Moisture Variability in the Sher River Watershed, Madhya Pradesh, India

Anoop Patel — 2026-03-24

Soil moisture significantly impacts crop yield, irrigation scheduling, and farm-level water management decisions, Precision farming and watershed management. Therefore, enhancing agricultural resilience and guaranteeing sustainable water resource management. During the years 2015–2025, this study Shows Long-term Geospatial and temporal variability of soil moisture in the Sher River Basin. The study examined seasonal trends, interannual variations, and geographical disparities throughout the watershed using a high-resolution monthly soil moisture dataset produced by a previously proven machine learning technique. The results show that 2024 was the wettest year for soil moisture levels. On the other hand, 2017 was quite dry with low moisture levels across the basin. Soil moisture was also higher in 2016, 2023 and 2025. These changes in soil moisture closely followed rainfall patterns, indicating that rainfall is a factor in determining soil moisture in the Sher River Basin. The Sher River Watershed experiences significant changes in soil moisture throughout the year. You can see a difference in soil moisture during July, August, and September. This is because it rains a lot during these months. The SMAP data also show that the soil moisture is higher during this time. In areas where people grow crops, the soil is really wet when they plant. This is because farmers use water to prepare the soil for seeds and help them grow. So, soil moisture changes in the Sher River Watershed are mostly due to how farmers irrigate their crops and to rainfall during the monsoon months. The soil moisture in the Sher River Watershed is influenced by both irrigation practices and monsoon rainfall.

Sustainable Hook-and-Line Fisheries and Market-Led Price Advantage: Evidence from Kombuthurai Village, Thoothukudi District, Tamil Nadu, India

A. Anuja — 2026-03-24

Marine fisheries play a vital role in employment generation, income security, nutritional security, and export earnings in India. Kombuthurai fishing village in Thoothukudi district, Tamil Nadu, represents a distinctive model of exclusive dependence on hook-and-line fishing—a highly selective and environmentally sustainable fishing method. The present study evaluates the ecological sustainability, economic viability, and marketing structure associated with hook-and-line fisheries in Kombuthurai. Primary data were collected through structured field surveys of 100 fishing households (fishers), supplemented with secondary information obtained from 4 fishermen associations and relevant official records. The study examines fish marketing arrangements, auction mechanisms, institutional governance, and price differentials across landing centres. Results indicate that hook-and-line fishing produces superior quality catch with minimal bycatch and negligible habitat damage. Fishers in Kombuthurai realize significantly higher prices compared to other landing centres due to quality-based grading and an organized auction system. The association-managed auction framework strengthens collective bargaining power, ensures transparency, and effectively minimizes middlemen exploitation. The findings demonstrate that ecological sustainability and economic profitability can coexist in small-scale marine fisheries when supported by strong community institutions, transparent governance, and quality-oriented marketing systems. This model offers important policy insights for promoting sustainable coastal livelihoods in India.

Progress and Constraints of e-Trading under the e-NAM Platform in Telangana, India

B. Kiranmai — 2026-03-24

Agricultural marketing in India has undergone several reforms to improve efficiency, transparency and price realization for farmers. Despite the establishment of regulated markets under the Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC) system, farmers continued to face problems such as limited competition, lack of transparency and dependence on intermediaries. To address these issues, the Government of India launched the electronic National Agriculture Market (e-NAM) in 2016 to integrate Agricultural Produce Market Committees (APMCs) across the country through a unified online trading platform. The present study examines the progress of e-trading in Telangana and identifies the constraints faced by farmers in participating through the e-NAM platform. Both primary and secondary data were used for the study. Secondary data relating to stakeholder participation and commodity-wise trade were collected for the period 2016-17 to 2023-24 from the e-NAM portal and the Department of Agricultural Marketing, Telangana. Primary data were collected from 100 farmers across five selected e-NAM markets using a structured interview schedule. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) and the Garrett ranking technique. The results revealed that out of 197 regulated markets in Telangana, only 57 markets (28.93%) have been integrated under e-NAM. The platform has registered 18.23 lakh farmers, 6,371 traders, 5,161 commission agents and 137 Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs). From 2016-17 to 2023-24, a total of 64.68 lakh tonnes of commodities valued in Rs 23,637.6 crore were traded through e-NAM. Commodity-wise analysis shows that paddy was found to be high in traded volume, whereas turmeric, chilli and cotton account for a higher share in trade value. The compound annual growth rate of the value of trade was positive and significant (8.69%). Inter-mandi trade was more active compared to interstate trade, which remained limited. The study also identified lack of digital literacy, inadequate understanding of e-NAM procedures and dependence on commission agents as the major constraints faced by farmers. The findings suggest that strengthening digital awareness, improving infrastructure and expanding market integration are essential for enhancing the effectiveness of the e-NAM platform in Telangana.

Physicochemical Behaviour of Green Gram during Soaking and Sprouting

Mallela Prem Kumar — 2026-03-24

Green gram is a highly nutritious legume with considerable potential to address malnutrition and protein deficiency, particularly in developing regions like India. This study focused on evaluating the physical, biochemical, and hydration characteristics of both fresh and sprouted green gram, emphasizing the effect of soaking time on sprouting efficiency. Sprouting resulted in notable changes in physical attributes, including increased grain dimensions, geometric mean diameter, and sphericity, while both bulk and true densities declined due to water absorption. Biochemical analysis indicated considerable enhancements in nutritional quality, with protein content rising from 22.56 % to 24.35 %, crude fibre increasing from 3.21 % to 4.12 %, and moisture content elevating with sprouting. In contrast, total soluble sugars, ash, and fat content decreased as these components were utilized during germination. To study hydration and sprouting behaviour, Soaking was carried out for green gram seeds for 3, 6, and 9 h. It was observed that soaking for longer periods (6 and 9 h) led to higher moisture levels (53.69 % and 58.34 %) and improved sprouting rates (97 % and 98 %) compared to shorter durations. Hydration kinetics were modelled using Lewis and Page equations, with the Page model showing superior accuracy (R² = 0.99). These findings demonstrate that optimal soaking durations not only enhance water uptake but also stimulate metabolic activity and reduce anti-nutritional factors. Overall, the study highlights the importance of adequate soaking time in improving the nutritional value and sprouting potential of green gram for better dietary outcomes.

Impact of Cluster Front Line Demonstrations on Farmers Knowledge of Mustard Production Technologies in Bikaner District of Rajasthan, India

Kiran Kumari — 2026-03-25

Cluster Front Line Demonstrations (CFLDs) play a pivotal role in enhancing farmers’ knowledge and adoption of improved crop production technologies. The present study assessed the knowledge level of beneficiary and non-beneficiary farmers regarding mustard production technologies demonstrated under CFLDs in Bikaner district of Rajasthan. The study was conducted in two panchayat samitis, namely Bikaner and Kolayat, under the jurisdiction of Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) Bikaner. A total sample of 160 respondents was selected, comprising 80 beneficiary farmers who participated in CFLDs and 80 non-beneficiary farmers cultivating mustard without CFLD exposure. Knowledge was measured using a structured test, and respondents were categorized into low, medium and high knowledge levels based on mean and standard deviation. The results revealed that a majority of respondents (51.87%) possessed a medium level of knowledge. Beneficiary farmers exhibited significantly higher knowledge levels compared to non-beneficiaries, particularly in seed rate and spacing, irrigation management and nutrient management. Aspect-wise comparison indicated statistically significant differences in knowledge levels for nine out of ten aspects, with harvesting being the only non-significant aspect. A strong and positive rank correlation (rs = 0.95) was observed between beneficiary and non-beneficiary respondents. The findings clearly demonstrate the positive impact of CFLDs in enhancing farmers’ knowledge of mustard production technologies and emphasize the need for strengthening extension interventions in weaker knowledge areas.

An Economic Analysis of Marketing Efficiency and Price Spread of Lemon in Pali District of Rajasthan, India

Dimpal Kumari — 2026-03-25

An essential commercial fruit crop in India, lemons (Citrus limon L.) significantly increase the horticultural economy and farmers' incomes. In this study, the marketing channels, price spread, market margins, and marketing effectiveness of lemons in Rajasthan's Pali district are analyzed. The Acharya modified measure of marketing efficiency was used to identify and assess four marketing channels. The total sample size was 80 farmers and 20 intermediaries. The findings showed significant differences in producer share, profits, and marketing costs among channels. The maximum marketing efficiency (0.99) and producer's share (100%) were achieved by Channel IV (Producer–Consumer), which was followed by Channel III (Producer–Pre-harvest contractor–Retailer–Consumer). Multiple-intermediary channels showed less efficiency and a larger pricing spread. The study highlights the need to promote direct marketing and reduce intermediary dominance to enhance farmers’ income and marketing efficiency in lemon cultivation.

Chitosan-Magnetite-RGO Nanohybrids for Next Gen Super Capacitors

Sandipa Satapathy — 2026-03-26

The growing demand for sustainable and high-performance energy storage systems has accelerated research on eco-friendly electrode materials for supercapacitors. The storage performance of the device depends upon the properties of the electrode materials i.e. morphology, surface area, shape, size, conductivity and stability during cycling. This study focuses on the development of a chitosan-coated Fe₃O₄/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composite as an eco-friendly electrode material for supercapacitors. Chitosan acts as a biopolymer binder and stabilizer, improving the dispersion and conductivity of Fe₃O₄ on rGO. The composite was synthesized via a simple solution-based method and characterized using FTIR, XRD, SEM, and Raman spectroscopy. Electrochemical tests (CV, GCD, EIS) confirmed enhanced capacitance, good cycle stability, and low resistance. The results highlight the potential of chitosan–Fe₃O₄–rGO hybrids for sustainable energy storage applications.

Integrated Herbicide-Based Weed Management Practices for Improving Growth, Yield Attributes and Crop Safety in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under Rice–Groundnut Cropping System

Kunal Narwal — 2026-03-26

Integration of pre-emergence herbicides with post-emergence herbicides or manual weeding is widely regarded as an effective strategy for season-long weed control. Post-emergence herbicides such as imazethapyr and quizalofop-p-ethyl have shown promising results in controlling broad-leaved and grassy weeds during the critical stages of crop growth. The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different herbicide combinations and integrated weed management practices for improving weed control and crop productivity in groundnut. A field experiment was conducted during rabi–summer 2016–17 at the Agricultural Research Station, Kumta, Karnataka, to evaluate the effects of different weed management practices on growth parameters, yield attributes, and crop phytotoxicity of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under a rice–groundnut cropping system. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with nine weed management treatments and three replications. Observations on plant height, number of branches per plant, dry matter production, and crop phytotoxicity were recorded at different growth stages. The weed-free treatment recorded significantly higher plant height, number of branches, and dry matter accumulation, which were statistically at par with pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 1.5 kg ha⁻¹ followed by one hand weeding at 25 days after sowing (DAS), and pendimethalin @ 1.5 kg ha⁻¹ followed by post-emergence imazethapyr @ 75 g ha⁻¹ at 20–30 DAS. The unweeded control recorded the lowest values for all growth parameters due to severe crop–weed competition. Visual phytotoxicity ratings revealed no severe or persistent injury to the groundnut crop under any herbicide treatment, and initial mild symptoms disappeared within 21–28 days after application. The harvest index was significantly influenced by weed management treatments. The highest harvest index (0.29) was recorded in the weed-free check, which was statistically at par with pendimethalin followed by hand weeding (0.29) and pendimethalin followed by imazethapyr (0.28), while the lowest harvest index (0.25) was recorded in the unweeded check. Overall, integrated weed management practices involving pre-emergence application of pendimethalin followed by hand weeding or post-emergence herbicides significantly improved yield and yield attributes compared with the unweeded condition. It is concluded that integrated weed management combining pre-emergence herbicide application with manual or post-emergence weed control is an effective and crop-safe approach for enhancing the productivity of groundnut under rice-fallow conditions.

Morphological Attributes Influencing Graft Success in Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Using Indigenous Seedling Rootstock of Bastar Region, Chhattisgarh, India

Harshita Patel — 2026-03-27

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a commercially important tropical fruit crop widely cultivated in South Asia, valued for its nutritional richness, economic significance, and diverse end uses. Despite its importance, the heterozygous nature of the species necessitates the adoption of efficient vegetative propagation techniques, such as veneer grafting, to ensure true-to-type plants and improved nursery performance. The study aims to evaluate the nursery-stage growth performance of mango grafts under Bastar agro-climatic conditions. The present research was conducted during the year 2024–25 at the Department of Fruit Science, Krantikari Debridhur College of Horticulture and Research Station, Jagdalpur, Chhattisgarh, India. The experiment comprised twelve mango varieties grafted on local seedling rootstock using the veneer grafting technique, laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. Observations were recorded at 30, 60 and 90 days after grafting on parameters such as scion girth, rootstock girth, rootstock length, plant height, number of buds per graft and graft survival percentage. Significant varietal differences were observed for all parameters. Among the treatments, Scented Goa (T₅) recorded the maximum scion girth (10.47 mm), rootstock girth (11.67 mm), rootstock length (44.67 cm) and grafted plant height (59.40 cm) at 90 days after grafting, along with the highest graft survival (84.43%). Similarly, Banana Mango (T₇) showed vigorous growth with scion girth (10.07 mm), rootstock girth (11.53 mm), scion length (14.93 cm), plant height (59.60 cm) and number of buds per graft (6.07), indicating better graft establishment. In contrast, Sundari (T₄) recorded the minimum scion girth, rootstock girth and plant height, along with the lowest graft survival percentage (60.00 %), reflecting comparatively weaker vegetative growth. The superior performance of these varieties may be attributed to better scion–rootstock compatibility and favourable physiological interactions under Bastar conditions. The study concluded that Scented Goa and Banana Mango are the most suitable mango varieties for successful grafting and nursery production in the Bastar region. The experimental data were statistically analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) under Completely Randomized Design (CRD).

Assessing Self-Concept in Shaping Communication Training Needs in Higher Agricultural Education: The Role of Self-Esteem and Self-Confidence

B. M. Yogesh — 2026-03-28

This study examines the role of self-concept in shaping communication training needs among postgraduate students in higher agricultural education in India. Despite increasing emphasis on communication competencies, limited research has explored the psychological determinants influencing communication skill development. A cross-sectional quantitative research design was employed using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), Self-Confidence Scale (SCS), and Training Need Index (TNI) to assess self-concept and communication skill gaps. Data were collected from 210 postgraduate students across three leading agricultural universities. The findings revealed that a considerable proportion of students exhibit low to moderate levels of self-esteem and self-confidence, with significant institutional variation. Among communication competencies, writing and speaking emerged as the most critical training needs. Correlation and regression analyses indicated significant negative relationships between self-concept and communication training needs, suggesting that higher self-esteem and self-confidence are associated with reduced communication skill gaps. Grounded in Social Cognitive Theory, the study highlights the importance of psychological factors in communication behaviour. The findings underscore the need to integrate confidence-building strategies and experiential learning approaches into postgraduate curricula to enhance communication competence and professional readiness among agricultural graduates.

Constraints Faced by Farmers in Adoption of Mustard Production Technologies under Cluster Front Line Demonstrations in Bikaner District of Rajasthan, India

Kiran Kumari — 2026-03-28

The present study was undertaken to identify and analyse the major problems encountered by beneficiary and non-beneficiary farmers in the adoption of mustard production technologies under Cluster Front Line Demonstrations (CFLD). The problems perceived by the respondents were categorized into five major dimensions, viz., input, financial, technical, environmental and marketing problems. Data were collected using a structured schedule and responses were obtained on a two-point continuum. The Mean Percent Score (MPS) was computed to prioritise the severity of problems, and rank correlation was used to examine the similarity in ranking patterns between beneficiary and non-beneficiary farmers. The findings revealed that non-availability and high cost of critical inputs, inadequate technical knowledge, climatic aberrations during critical crop stages, and marketing constraints such as low prices and poor market access were the major impediments in effective adoption of recommended mustard production technologies. Overall, the study highlights the need for timely input supply, strengthened extension support, climate-resilient interventions and improved marketing infrastructure to enhance adoption and productivity of mustard under CFLD programmes.

Evaluation of Holographic Imaging for Improving Residents Training Skills

Muhammad Abbas — 2026-03-31

Background: Hologram technology can provide students with three-dimensional anatomical images, helping them better understand and master complex anatomical structures, which is especially important for skill operation training. By simulating surgical scenarios, holographic imaging technology can also allow students to perform practical operations in a virtual environment, improving their surgical skills and ability to respond to emergencies.

Objective: The present study explores holographic imaging technology to improve the quality of urology residents.

Method: A total of 60 residents who participated in the Department of Urology of the 1^stAffiliated Hospital of Hebei North University from January 2023 to January 2024 were selected as the research subjects. They were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, with 30 students in each group. The observation group adopted the teaching mode supported by holographic image technology, and the control group adopted the traditional teaching mode. By comparing the theoretical performance, skill performance, and teaching satisfaction of the two groups of residents, the application effect of holographic imaging technology in urological surgery residency training was evaluated.

Results: The theoretical and technical scores of the observation group were (85.23±4.98) and (89.14±5.72), respectively, while the theoretical and technical scores of the control group were (78.31±5.24) and (83.56±5.53), respectively. The theoretical and technical scores of the observation group were higher than those of the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). The satisfaction score and total satisfaction score of the observation group were higher than those of the control group in terms of stimulating residents' enthusiasm for learning, improving learning efficiency, providing vivid and interesting content, deepening understanding of urinary system surgical processes, and improving urinary imaging learning, and the difference was statistically significant (all P<0.05).

Conclusion: The teaching mode supported by hologram imaging technology has high application value in urology residency training, which can significantly improve the theoretical performance and skill level of residents and improve teaching satisfaction.

Economic Impact of Disease Outbreaks on Penaeus vannamei Farming in Maharashtra, India

Mahesh Sharma — 2026-03-31

India is one of the top five seafood exporters globally, with frozen shrimp representing a significant portion of its seafood exports. In Maharashtra, brackish water covers a considerable area, contributing to the region's overall shrimp production. Even though white-leg shrimp farming has been extremely successful, there are still numerous obstacles to overcome, such as diseases, which limit the sector’s ability to expand and cause huge economic losses. The present study was conducted in the state of Maharashtra with purposively selected districts Palghar and Raigad, to analyse the economic costs of shrimp disease. Primary and secondary data were used for this study, the primary data were collected from 60 shrimp farms through a pre-tested interview schedule and the secondary data were collected from previous studies and the Department of Fisheries, Maharashtra. The study revealed that the economic direct losses incurred by farmers per acre were ₹ 254612 and the economic loss concerning variable cost per crop per acre was ₹ 53940. The benefit-cost ratio for healthy and disease-affected farms was 1.22 and 1.02, respectively. This showed significant economic loss due to diseases. The economic impact of shrimp diseases in Indian shrimp farming highlights the need for immediate adoption of better management practices (BMP) and biosecurity measures as well as policy interventions to reduce the losses.

The Nature Trail at Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden: A Haven for Tranquility and Biodiversity Conservation

Ashiho Asosii Mao — 2026-03-31

The 21^st century, marked by globalization, urbanization, and fast-paced lifestyles, has distanced people from nature. The Nature Trail of Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden (AJCBIBG), Howrah is a recent addition to the oldest and perhaps the biggest botanic garden of South East Asia. Nestled between the bustling arteries of Howrah and Kolkata, this Nature Trail provides a feeling of sanctuary amidst the urban chaos of the densely populated twin cities. Spanning within a small area of just 15 acres, but interestingly it harbors 319 taxa of diverse flora along with some endemic and threatened taxa and traces of fauna were documented in the present manuscript. Fabaceae (s.l.) is the most dominant family with 26 species and Ficus is the most represented genus with 12 species. Trees are the most dominant (46%), followed by Herbs (34.00%), Climber & Liana (11.00%) and Shrubs (9.00%). This eco-friendly initiative highlights the importance of urban green spaces with multifaceted contributions such as urban forestry, environmental awareness & biodiversity conservation, scientific research & educational outreach, student involvement, health for community well-being, policy planning for sustainable development, thereby addressing the needs of the urban population. Ultimately, the Nature Trail offers a rejuvenating experience for city dwellers of all ages from toddlers to adults through its pristine natural setting, serene landscape and refreshing air.

Modelling and Forecasting of Asymmetric Price Volatility of Onion for Lucknow Market, UP, India

Sandip Kumar — 2026-04-02

Onion prices in the Lucknow market exhibit very high instability, or in other words, volatility of UP. When price volatility affects differently with positive and negative shocks of the equivalent size, it is said to be asymmetric. Since GARCH is a symmetric model, it will be unable to account for asymmetric volatility in prices. EGARCH, GJR-GARCH and APARCH models are popularly used to capture asymmetric price volatility. The present study aimed to model and forecast the price volatility of the monthly modal prices of onion for the Lucknow market of UP. The study is based on the secondary time series data on the monthly price of onion from January 2007 to December 2021. Augmented Dicky-Fuller (ADF), Philips Peron (PP), and Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin (KPSS) tests have been used for testing the stationarity of the series. The best ARMA model has been selected for the individual series after confirming the stationarity of the series. Residuals have been examined for the presence of autocorrelation, heteroscedasticity, and nonlinear dependence in them, and it has been found that residuals have all those properties verification has been done using Ljung-Box test, ARCH-LM test and BDS test, respectively. Upon analysis of data, the ARMA (1,0)-APARCH (1,1) model outperformed the other forecasting model, and it is deemed to be the best fit model for the data under consideration. The R software version 4.2.3 has been used for data analysis.

Constraints in Adoption of Preferred Rice Varietal Traits among Paddy Farmers of Telangana, India

S. Satish — 2026-04-03

Rice is an essential staple food globally, providing a major source of calories for a significant portion of the world's population. In India, where agriculture is a cornerstone of the economy, rice production has seen remarkable growth over recent decades. This expansion is driven by advancements in agricultural technology, such as the adoption of high-yielding seeds, chemical fertilizers, and agrochemicals. As a result, India has become a leading player in rice production, covering extensive areas and significantly contributing to the nation's food grain output. In Telangana, paddy production has surged due to government initiatives, irrigation projects, and strategic investments. The development of high-yielding rice varieties, tailored to the region's soil conditions, has been instrumental in this growth. These varieties are resistant to various biotic and abiotic stresses, ensuring a consistent increase in paddy production. The state's impressive progress in rice cultivation is reflected in the substantial data on area coverage, production, and productivity. The study delves into the problems faced by the paddy farmers of the State. Garrett’s ranking technique was used to study the constraints faced by the paddy farmers in adoption of preferred rice varietal traits. The study surveyed 10 districts of the state with a sample size of 400 paddy farmers. Paddy farmers face challenges like low market prices which was given 1^st rank, lack of technical knowledge – 2^nd rank, and limited access to services- 3^rd rank and non- availability of required varieties during sowing period, poor seed quality issues were given last ranks by both coarse and fine variety adopters. The study suggests promoting varietal diversity, improving research and seed distribution, and providing better market infrastructure and financial support to enhance rice farming in Telangana.

Adoption Behaviour and Utilization Pattern of Generative AI Tools among Adult Learners in Higher Education

Anupama Verma — 2026-04-03

The rapid advancement of Generative Artificial Intelligence (Gen AI) has had a significant impact on contemporary learning methodologies, particularly for adult learners engaged in higher education and professional development. Generative AI refers to technologies capable of generating original content—such as text, images, and code—based on patterns learned from large datasets. Recent advancements in Gen AI (such as Chat GPT) have transformed the way learners access information and complete tasks. Adult learners—those who continue to learn beyond the age of traditional schooling—are rapidly adopting these tools for educational and professional purposes. The objective of the study is to examine the usage patterns of generative AI among adult learners through a systematic survey methodology. This study explores how adult learners use generative artificial intelligence (Gen AI) tools, focusing on frequency of use, main purposes, and perceived effectiveness. A systematic survey was conducted among 112 adult learners enrolled in higher education and professional development programs. This research paper focuses on three main factors: frequency of use, primary purpose of use, and perceived effectiveness of generative AI tools in supporting learning outcomes. Data from adult learners were collected using a questionnaire designed to elicit demographic details, intensity of use, academic and professional applications, and their perceptions of usefulness, reliability, and ethical considerations. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques like frequency and percentage have been used to analyse the data. Results indicate that adult learners are increasingly using generative AI tools, using them for academic writing, research assistance, problem-solving, and skill enhancement. Most respondents considered generative AI an effective tool for increasing productivity and understanding complex concepts; however, concerns remain regarding its over-reliance, accuracy, and ethical use. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used to analyze the data. Results indicate that adult learners are increasingly using generative AI tools, using them for academic writing, research assistance, problem-solving, and skill enhancement. Most respondents considered generative AI an effective tool for increasing productivity and understanding complex concepts; however, concerns remain regarding its over-reliance, accuracy, and ethical use.

Comparative Assessment of Agri-Entrepreneurs of Uttarakhand and Punjab State, India

Taufiq Ahmad — 2026-04-04

Agri-entrepreneurship is frequently construed as a tool for empowering the rural unemployed agri-graduates, who have the caliber, capability of starting a venture and to excel in the field of agriculture and allied to agriculture. It has become a cornerstone of rural economic transformation in India. This empirical study undertakes a systematic comparative assessment of agripreneurs operating in two contrasting agro-climatic states — Uttarakhand and Punjab — who received training under the Government of India's Agri-Clinics and Agri-Business Centre (ACABC) Scheme. A sample of 120 agripreneurs (60 per state) was drawn using simple random sampling supported by snowball sampling from two designated training centres: the College of Agribusiness Management (CABM), Pantnagar (Uttarakhand) and the Indian Society of Agribusiness Professionals (ISAP), Amritsar (Punjab). Data were collected through a pre-tested, expert-validated interview schedule and analysed using the two-sample Z-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results revealed statistically significant inter-state differences in age (Z = 1.98*), land holding (Z = 1.98*), social participation (Z = 1.97*), risk-taking ability (Z = 1.99*), and training motivation factors (Z = 2.77*). Correlation analysis identified land holding (r = 0.351**) and risk-taking ability (r = 0.198*) as significant positive predictors of training needs, while social participation showed a significant negative relationship (r = −0.198*). The findings underline the need for region-specific, context-sensitive training designs under the ACABC Scheme. The study will be helpful to the various stakeholders (individual scientists, academic organization and Govt. officials) for understanding the impact of socio-economic, institutional, and environmental differences in shaping the agri entrepreneurship development across the country.

Ethion-induced Tissue Damage in Tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852): A Histopathological Insight

Arambam Ashwini Devi — 2026-04-04

Aquatic ecosystems are increasingly threatened by agrochemical contamination, particularly from organophosphate pesticides introduced through agricultural runoff and industrial effluents. This study investigated the acute toxicity and histopathological effects of Ethion [O, O, O′, O′-tetraethyl-S, S′-methylene bis (phosphorodithioate)] on Oreochromis mossambicus (Mozambique tilapia), an ecologically and economically important freshwater fish species. The median lethal concentration (96-h LC₅₀) of Ethion was determined to be 0.271 ± 0.10 mg/L, indicating high acute toxicity. Fish exposed to sublethal concentrations (0.027, 0.054, and 0.081 mg/L) exhibited pronounced behavioral alterations, including erratic swimming, hyperactivity, and loss of equilibrium, reflecting neurotoxic effects associated with acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Histopathological examination revealed progressive, dose-dependent tissue alterations across vital organs. Gills showed epithelial lifting, lamellar fusion, and necrosis, indicating impaired respiration and osmoregulation. The liver exhibited cytoplasmic vacuolation, sinusoidal dilation, nuclear pyknosis, and necrosis, suggesting hepatocellular degeneration and disrupted detoxification. Renal tissues demonstrated glomerular shrinkage, tubular necrosis, and inflammatory infiltration, reflecting impaired ion regulation and excretory dysfunction. The presence of enlarged melano-macrophage centres indicated activation of defence mechanisms against oxidative stress. These findings demonstrate that Ethion exposure causes severe structural and functional impairments in O. mossambicus, even at sublethal concentrations, underscoring the ecological risks posed by organophosphate contamination. Histopathological biomarkers observed in this study provide a sensitive diagnostic tool for assessing pesticide-induced toxicity in aquatic organisms and can aid in establishing safe environmental limits for pesticide usage.

Determinants of Consumers' Behavioral Intention to Use Food Labels in Purchase Decisions: A Theory of Planned Behavior Approach in Kathmandu, Nepal

Aabhash Aryal — 2026-04-06

Increasing availability of processed and packaged foods in developing countries has intensified concerns regarding consumers' ability to make informed dietary choices, particularly in contexts where food label utilization remains inconsistent and empirically understudied. This study aimed to examine the influence of attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control on consumers' behavioral intention to use food labels in purchasing decisions in Kathmandu, Nepal. A quantitative cross-sectional survey design was employed, with data collected through structured face-to-face interviews from November to December 2025. A sample of 385 consumers aged 18 years and above was selected from retail shops, wholesale outlets, and supermarkets in Kathmandu Metropolitan City using convenience sampling. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics via Excel, SPSS and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling via Smart PLS. The findings revealed that attitude (β = 0.328, P < 0.001) and perceived behavioral control (β = 0.303, P< 0.001) significantly and positively influenced consumers' behavioral intention to use food labels, collectively explaining 34.8% of the variance in behavioral intention. Subjective norms, however, did not exert a significant effect (β = 0.025, P = 0.709). Consumers prioritized price and expiry date information most highly, while additives, allergens, and radiation received comparatively less attention. The findings imply that policymakers and food manufacturers should focus on improving label clarity, font readability, and standardized formats to reduce practical barriers and strengthen consumer confidence in label information.

Effects of Secondary and Micronutrients on Nutrient Uptake and Yield of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Judith Frimpong-Manso — 2026-04-06

Market availability and final consumption are ultimately determined by regional and cultural preferences, as well as the need for stability during storage and transportation. Together with calories, rice has minimal fibre and fat content but is a good source of iron, magnesium, phosphorus, manganese, selenium, thiamine, and niacin. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of integrated application of macronutrients, secondary nutrients (S and Mg), and micronutrients (B and Zn) on yield, yield components, and nutrient uptake of rice (Oryza sativa L.) variety Legon One in the semi-deciduous zone of Ghana. The study was carried out on Awaase sandy loam soils at Adwaase in the Atwima Kwanwoma District. Initial soil properties indicated moderately acidic conditions (pH 5.61) with low fertility, including low total nitrogen (0.10%), organic matter (1.58%), available phosphorus (7.03 ppm), and deficiencies in S, Mg, Zn, and B. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with 20 fertilizer treatments and four replications. Treatments were formulated from NPK blends enriched with secondary and micronutrients, with N applied at 90–150 kg ha⁻¹, P at 30–90 kg ha⁻¹, K at 20–90 kg ha⁻¹, and varying levels of S, Mg, Zn, and B. Results showed that integrated nutrient application significantly (p < 0.05) improved plant height, tiller number, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, straw yield, and nutrient uptake. However, panicle length and uptake of P and Mg were not consistently affected. The combination of NPK with sulfur (T2) produced the highest grain yield, straw yield, and 1000-grain weight, highlighting the importance of Sin rice production. Treatments incorporating secondary and micronutrients further enhanced yield components and nutrient uptake efficiency. Maximum uptake of N, P, K, and S occurred under T10, T14, T18, and T21, while Mg uptake was highest in Mg-amended treatments (T19 and T21). Overall, T14 and T21 were identified as the most effective and economically viable treatments. The study underscores the importance of balanced fertilization for improving soil fertility and sustaining rice productivity in tropical soils.

Development and Physicochemical, Sensory, and Storage Evaluation of Blended Squash from Mangifera indica and Aloe barbadensis Gel

Pragya Ojha — 2026-04-07

Aloe vera is a nutritionally rich medicinal plant containing vitamins (A, B-complex, C, and E), minerals (calcium, potassium, sodium), amino acids, natural sugars, enzymes, and antioxidants. Blended beverages incorporating fruit pulp and aloe vera gel are gaining increasing demand in national and international markets due to their nutritional and therapeutic benefit. The present study aimed to standardize a blended squash formulation of ripe mango pulp and aloe vera gel and to evaluate its physicochemical and sensory changes during storage under ambient conditions. The experiment was conducted at the Department of Post Harvest Technology, Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda, Uttar Pradesh. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications was employed. Different formulations were prepared using varying proportions of mango pulp and aloe vera gel. Among the treatments, Recipe No. 5 consisting of 25% blend (70:30 mango pulp: aloe vera gel), 50% total soluble solids (TSS), 1.20% acidity, and 350 ppm SO₂ per 10 liters of squash was evaluated. The prepared squash was packed in sterilized glass bottles and stored at ambient temperature for five months. Physicochemical parameters and organoleptic quality were analyzed at monthly intervals. Statistical analysis indicated that Recipe No. 5 was significantly superior to other treatments in terms of overall acceptability. During storage, TSS, titratable acidity, reducing sugars, and total sugars showed a continuous increase. In contrast, non-reducing sugars, vitamin A, carotenoids, browning index, and organoleptic scores gradually decreased from the first month to the end of the five-month storage period. However, the product remained within acceptable sensory and quality limits throughout storage. The study demonstrated that a standardized blend of 70:30 mango pulp and aloe vera gel can be successfully developed into a shelf-stable squash with acceptable quality for up to five months under ambient conditions. The formulation offers potential for commercial production of functional beverages with enhanced nutritional value and extended shelf life.

The Behavior Determinants of In-Home Spoilage: A Study of Planned Shopping and Home Preservation Techniques

Mangalapuri Vasanthi — 2026-04-07

Food waste has emerged as a major global concern affecting food security, environmental sustainability, and economic stability. A significant proportion of food produced for human consumption is lost or wasted at various stages of the food supply chain. Household-level behaviors such as food purchasing and storage practices play a crucial role in determining the extent of food waste. The present study was conducted in the Karimnagar district of Telangana State to examine the food purchase behavior and food storage practices of rural households and their relationship with selected socio-economic characteristics. An exploratory research design was adopted, and 45 rural respondents were selected through simple random sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean scores, and correlation analysis.

The findings of the study revealed that a majority (55.55%) of the respondents belonged to the middle age group, while a considerable proportion (37.78%) were found to be illiterate. In terms of family characteristics, most of the respondents were from nuclear families (77.78%) and had a small family size (75.56%). Further, more than half (55.56%) of the respondents were categorized under the medium income group. With respect to food-related behavioural aspects, the results indicated that a substantial majority of the respondents exhibited responsible food purchasing behaviour, as evidenced by 82.22% agreement with statements reflecting careful purchasing practices. Similarly, an overwhelming majority (95.55%) of the respondents demonstrated appropriate food storage practices, suggesting a high level of adherence to recommended storage methods.

Correlation analysis revealed that age was negatively and significantly associated with food storage practices (r = -0.354*), while education was positively and significantly associated (r = 0.328*). Income also showed a positive, highly significant relationship with food storage practices (r = 0.474**). However, most of the profile variables showed non-significant relationships with food purchase behavior. The findings indicate that education and income play an important role in improving food storage practices and reducing household food waste. The study highlights the need for awareness programmes and educational interventions to promote efficient food management practices among rural households.

Response of Plant Growth Regulators and Boron on Seed Yield and Seed Quality of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Sunny — 2026-04-08

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an important vegetable crop widely cultivated for its nutritional and economic value. Seed yield and seed quality are crucial factors for ensuring better crop establishment and productivity. Plant growth regulators and micronutrients play a significant role in improving reproductive efficiency and seed quality parameters in tomato. Therefore, the present investigation was conducted at the Vegetable Seed Farm, Department of Horticulture (Vegetable and Floriculture), Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar, to study the effect of plant growth regulators (NAA, GA₃, and Ethephon) and boron on seed yield and seed quality of tomato. The experiment was laid out in a Factorial Randomised Block Design with three replications. The treatments consisted of ten levels of plant growth regulators (water spray, NAA @ 50, 75 and 100 ppm; GA₃ @ 25, 50 and 75 ppm; and Ethephon @ 100, 150 and 200 ppm) and three levels of boron (0, 0.3 and 0.4%). The results revealed that both plant growth regulators and boron significantly influenced se Keywords ed quality parameters. Among the PGR treatments, NAA @ 75 ppm recorded the highest germination percentage (71.94%), whereas the lowest germination (63.67%) was observed with Ethephon @ 150 ppm. Boron application at 0.3% resulted in maximum germination (70.78%). The interaction effect showed that GA₃ @ 75 ppm combined with boron @ 0.3% produced the highest germination (76.88%). Vigour Index–I and Vigour Index–II were also significantly influenced by PGRs and boron, with the highest values recorded under NAA @ 100 ppm and GA₃ @ 75 ppm treatments. Electrical conductivity of the seed was lowest under GA₃ @ 50 ppm and boron @ 0.3%, indicating better membrane stability and seed vigour. Seed viability was highest with GA₃ @ 75 ppm and boron @ 0.4%, whereas 1000 seed weight was not significantly influenced by the treatments. Overall, the study indicated that the combined application of plant growth regulators and boron improved seed quality parameters of tomato. Among the treatments, GA₃ @ 75 ppm along with boron @ 0.3% proved most effective in enhancing germination and seed vigour of tomato seeds under field conditions.

Physico-chemical Characterisation of Indigenous Mango Germplasm from the Foothills of Punjab, India

Manu Tyagi — 2026-04-08

Background: The foothills of Punjab harbour diverse mango germplasm. The indigenous seedling mangoes widely grow across the districts of Pathankot, Hoshiarpur and Gurdaspur. Due to their unique flavour, seedling mangoes are highly in demand for sucking, pickling and preparation of leather. However, these genotypes also exhibit unique morphological and biochemical fruit quality attributes which could be utilised in breeding programmes for varietal improvement.

Aims: In line with this, the present study aims to analyse the physico-chemical attributes of thirty-one mango genotypes collected from the Dhar Kalan block of district Pathankot.

Methods: The study was conducted in the Dhar Kalan block of the district Pathankot during the years 2023 and 2024. Fruit samples from thirty-one mango trees which revealed phenotypical variations were selected for the study. Average fruit weight, stone weight, pulp weight, pulp/stone ratio, fruit size, peel thickness, fruit colour, etc. were determined using standard methods. The genetic diversity among genotypes was estimated using principal component analysis.

Results: The results showed significant variations for fruit morphology and quality among the different mango genotypes. The principal component analysis revealed that the attributes fruit weight, size, peel and stone weight exhibited maximum contribution to the total variation.

Conclusion: The morphological characterisation of different genotypes may serve as a foundation for further investigation involving the molecular characterisation of genotypes. These may be used for selection and breeding programmes for crop improvement.

Constraints Faced by Farmers Adopting Integrated Farming System under the Farmer FIRST Programme: Insights from Morena District, Madhya Pradesh, India

Mukul Kirar — 2026-04-11

Integrated Farming Systems (IFS) have gained prominence as a sustainable and resource-efficient approach to enhance farm productivity, income stability, and livelihood security among small and marginal farmers. By integrating multiple enterprises, IFS improves resource use efficiency and strengthens resilience against climatic and market uncertainties. The study was conducted in the Morena district of Madhya Pradesh to identify the major constraints faced by farmers practicing Integrated Farming System (IFS) under the Farmer FIRST Programme (FFP). A total of 60 beneficiary farmers were selected, and data were collected using a structured interview schedule. Constraints were categorized into production, marketing, financial, and management constraints, and ranked using Garrett’s Ranking Method. Results revealed that shortage of labour (mean score = 56.33) and uncertain weather conditions (mean score = 50.00) were the most critical production constraints. Among marketing constraints, high transportation costs (mean score = 59.50) and price fluctuations (mean score = 54.75) ranked highest. Increasing rate of labour wages (mean score = 64.25) and inadequate subsidies (mean score = 45.25) were the top financial constraints. In terms of management, difficulty in labour management (mean score = 59.50) and pest and disease management (mean score = 54.75) were the key barriers. The findings indicates that financial and management constraints dominate the challenges faced by IFS farmers. Policy and extension interventions, including farm mechanization, affordable credit, improved storage facilities, strengthened market linkages, and capacity building, are essential to mitigate these constraints effectively.

Challenges in Solar-Based Skill Development Programmes for Tribal Entrepreneurship: Evidence from Ladakh, India

Mohd Rafee — 2026-04-13

Vocational skill development programmes focusing on enterprise creation are widely recognised as effective instruments for fostering economic self-reliance among tribal and indigenous populations in geographically isolated regions. However, systematic evaluation of participant-perceived challenges in such programmes remains limited, particularly in high-altitude contexts. This study addresses this gap by examining the operational and contextual challenges faced by trainees of a solar lantern and LED bulb fabrication programme conducted in Ladakh, India, under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY). The study adopted a descriptive research design, employing a census approach that included the entire cohort of 320 trainees who completed the programme across Leh and Kargil districts. Primary data were collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire administered through Google Forms, chosen for its accessibility across the geographically dispersed study area. The questionnaire was developed based on existing literature, expert consultations and programmatic documentation and was validated through content validity assessment and pilot testing. The Garrett ranking technique was employed to mathematically prioritise the perceived constraints, converting ordinal rankings into weighted scores for hierarchical analysis. Findings reveal that the perceived need for more advanced and interactive teaching methods emerged as the foremost concern (mean Garrett score: 61.21; consensus: 29.7%), followed by lack of financial support after training (58.63) and poor lighting and power supply (54.92). In contrast, language barriers (40.53) and transportation problems (38.98) ranked lowest, indicating effective communication strategies and logistical arrangements by programme authorities. The study concludes that the programme was effectively delivered and the identified challenges primarily reflect participant expectations for enhanced experiential learning, post-training financial linkages and external infrastructural limitations rather than fundamental programme deficiencies. Policy recommendations include integrating experiential pedagogical approaches, establishing micro-credit linkages for post-training enterprise formation, and deploying backup power infrastructure at training centres.

Long Term Impact of Organic and Inorganic Farming Practices on Productivity and Quality of Sugarcane

T. Prabhakar Reddy — 2026-04-13

A field experiment was conducted during 2014–15 to 2020–21 to evaluate the effect of organic and inorganic farming practices on yield and quality of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.). The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three treatments, viz., control, organic and inorganic farming practices. The pooled analysis of 7 years data revealed that inorganic farming practices significantly influenced growth and yield parameters of sugarcane. Among the treatments, inorganic farming recorded the highest number of millable canes (76.72 ×10³ ha⁻¹), cane yield (85.00 t ha⁻¹) and CCS yield (10.06 t ha⁻¹), which were significantly superior over other treatments. However, organic farming resulted in higher sucrose content (18.05%) and CCS percentage (12.56%), indicating better juice quality. The study also revealed that organic sugarcane farming recorded a lower benefit cost ratio compared to inorganic farming. The higher cost of cultivation in organic farming is mainly attributed to the purchase of organic inputs. However, if farmers are able to produce organic manures on their own farms at minimal or no cost, the overall expenditure can be significantly reduced. Under such conditions, coupled with the premium price often received for organic produce, organic sugarcane cultivation can become economically profitable.

Constraints Faced by Farmers in the Adoption of ICT in Kota District of Rajasthan, India

Laxmi Meena — 2026-04-14

Information and Communication technology (ICT) has emerged as a key catalyst for the growth and modernization of agriculture through making it more practical, engaging and effective. ICT-based extension system plays an important role in redefining agricultural practices and improving farmers lives by enhancing access to timely information and promoting the exchange of knowledge.

Objective: “To determine the constraints faced by the farmers towards ICT”

Methodology: The present study was conducted during the academic year 2021-2022 in Kota district of Rajasthan. Multistage sampling technique was used in the present study. In first stage, Kota district was selected purposively for the study. Out of total five blocks in Kota district, Ladpura block was chosen, followed by six villages from ladpura block were randomly selected for the study based on their good ICT connectivity and well- established linkages to government and non-government institutions. Lastly, a proportionate random sample of ICT-using cultivator farmers was selected from each village, with a total sample of 399 farmers. Statistical tools such as frequency, percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation and correlation are used.

Key findings: The findings of the present study revealed that majority of farmers identified as insufficient regional specific information as most important constraint with a mean score of 4.73 followed by difficulty in understanding the language of ICT gadgets ranked second with a mean score of 4.61, insufficient servicing centres of ICTs in villages ranked third with a mean score of 4.39, high cost of servicing charges of ICT gadget ranked fourth with a mean score of 4.31, inadequate facilitator’s knowledge and insufficient training and practical exposure towards ICTs ranked fifth with a mean score of 4.06 and so on.

Conclusion: The findings of the present study will be highly valuable for researchers, academicians and policy makers with suitable modifications may also be applied beyond the specific field of study.

Assessment of Emergency Preparedness and Response of a Federal Medical Centre, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria

Deborah I. Omelogu — 2026-04-15

This paper assessed the emergency preparedness and emergency response of Federal Medical Centre, Owerri, Imo State. Emergency training, logistics, planning, surge capacity, and triage system were adopted to evaluate emergency preparedness, while promptness and responsiveness were used to measure emergency response. The research design for this study comprises cross-sectional and inferential approaches. Purposive sampling technique was adopted for hospital selection. The sample estimation for hospital workers with respect to emergency preparedness was computed as 156 (this is a case of finite population). However, the sample size for the emergency response is computed as 113 (a case of infinite population). Data collection involved questionnaire and checklist. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics and regression. For emergency preparedness, the results of the descriptive statistics showed that there is a substantial to moderate level of readiness in the sampled hospital. The mean values of emergency planning, logistics availability, triage system, and surge capacity, were computed as 3.71, 3.49, 3.14, and 3.45, respectively. Emergency training levels were low, with a mean score of 2.77, whereas emergency response among healthcare workers was high, with mean scores of 3.88 and 4.13 for promptness and responsiveness, respectively. Regression analysis revealed that emergency training, planning, and logistics have a significant impact on workers’ promptness (p= 0.00001<0.05), while triage system and surge capacity do not significantly influence promptness. Additionally, emergency training, planning, and triage systems significantly affect responsiveness (p= 0.00001<0.05), whereas logistics availability and surge capacity do not. It was therefore concluded that the hospital has a substantial level of emergency preparedness and response, with only emergency training and planning showing significant impacts on both promptness and responsiveness. The study recommended that hospital management should improve surge capacity, as it is the only preparedness factor that has no substantial impact on emergency response.

Microscopic Structure and Fibre Morphometry of Wool in Two Indigenous Sheep Breeds of Southern India: Trichy Black and Nellore

S. Chemmalar — 2026-04-16

Aims: This study investigates the micrometrical and morphological characteristics of wool from two indigenous Indian sheep breeds of Southern India: Trichy Black and Nellore.

Methodology: Wool from shorn wool bales were collected as samples from six adult Trichy Black and Nellore sheep. Using light microscopy, fibre parameters: mean fibre diameter (MFD), the medullary Index (MI), and the medulla/cortex ratio (M/C) were calculated. The cuticular pattern of the various types of wool were studied using the gelatin cast technique. A novel, rapid, and cost-effective cross-sectioning technique using cellophane tape is reported for the first time, providing a practical and efficient method (taking less than 10 minutes) for forensic and textile analysis. The cortex and medullary pattern were analyzed for each wool.

Results: Results reveal that Trichy Black wool comprises two fibre types (thin and thick), whereas Nellore wool exhibits four distinct types, ranging from thin non-medullated to thick highly medullated fibres. Microscopic analysis proves that both breeds possess highly medullated fibres; the Medullary Index (MI) for thick fibres of Trichy Black was 0.8, while Nellore’s medullated fibres reached an MI of 0.95. Cuticular patterns varied from imbricate in coarser fibres to coronal in finer wool. Nellore wool proved to have the highest mean fibre diameter (MFD), measuring 143.52 ± 3.95 µm.

Conclusion: The present study characterizes the wool of Trichy Black and Nellore sheep. It highlights the coarse, medullated nature of these wools, typical of carpet-grade fibres, and provides essential baseline parameters for breed identification. This research advances forensic trichological applications and provides scientific foundation for breeding programs aimed at enhancing wool quality.

Experimental Comparation of the Performance of Cabinet Solar Dryer in Natural and Force Convection Condition

Amol Prakash — 2026-04-16

Solar energy offers an effective and sustainable approach for preserving agricultural products, particularly in regions with high solar availability. The present study experimentally investigated the performance of a cabinet-type solar dryer operating under natural and forced convection modes for drying potato slices. The system was fabricated using locally available materials and tested under actual climatic conditions in Prayagraj, India. Performance evaluation was carried out based on temperature variation, moisture removal, drying rate, and overall drying efficiency. The results indicated that forced convection significantly enhanced the drying process due to improved airflow and heat transfer within the drying chamber. The cabinet temperature reached approximately 75°C under forced convection, resulting in faster moisture removal. The drying efficiency increased to 55% compared to 33% under natural convection. The drying process exhibited an initial rapid moisture removal phase followed by a falling rate period. The findings demonstrate that forced convection solar drying is an efficient and reliable method for agricultural drying without reliance on conventional fuels.

Assessment of Fertigation on Growth and Biomass Accumulation of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) Varieties

S. N. Manjunatha — 2026-04-16

Integration of inorganic fertilizers with organic sources such as farmyard manure (FYM) and neem cake is also known to improve soil physical, chemical and biological properties. Organic amendments enhance soil microbial activity, improve soil structure and increase nutrient availability, thereby supporting better plant growth and productivity. A field experiment was conducted during the kharif season of 2021 at the Department of Horticulture, Gandhi Krishi Vignana Kendra (GKVK), University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, to assess the effect of fertigation levels integrated with organic amendments on vegetative growth and biomass accumulation in two ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) cultivars Rio-de-Janeiro and Himachal. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications, comprising eleven treatments involving different fertigation levels in combination with farmyard manure (FYM @ 30 t ha⁻¹) and neem cake (@ 2 t ha⁻¹). The soil of the experimental site was red sandy loam with pH 6.4, low organic carbon (0.35%), low available nitrogen (201.14 kg ha⁻¹), and medium phosphorus (34.00 kg ha⁻¹) and potassium (152 kg ha⁻¹). Recommended fertilizers were applied through urea, single superphosphate and muriate of potash, with fertigation schedules based on treatment specifications. Observations on growth parameters such as number of leaves, number of tillers, leaf (petiole) length and breadth were recorded at different growth stages (60, 120 and 180 DAP), while biomass partitioning was assessed in terms of fresh and dry weight contribution of aerial parts, roots and rhizomes. The data were analyzed using ANOVA at 5% level of significance.

Fertigation treatments significantly influenced growth and biomass accumulation in both cultivars. Among the treatments, T₂ [200% RDF (200:100:100 kg N: P₂O₅: K₂O ha⁻¹) through fertigation + FYM 30 t ha⁻¹ + neem cake 2 t ha⁻¹] recorded superior performance throughout the crop period. T₂ resulted in the highest number of leaves per plant (up to 115.86 in Rio-de-Janeiro and 112.40 in Himachal at 180 DAP) and maximum tillers per plant (10.26 and 9.66, respectively). Leaf growth was also enhanced under T₂, with maximum leaf length (19.10 cm in Rio-de-Janeiro and 19.53 cm in Himachal) and leaf breadth (1.79 cm in Rio-de-Janeiro).

Biomass allocation was significantly affected by fertigation treatments. T₂ recorded the highest contribution of rhizomes along with increased allocation to aerial parts and roots in both cultivars on both fresh and dry weight basis. Rhizome contribution under T₂ exceeded 87% on a fresh weight basis and remained dominant on a dry weight basis, indicating efficient partitioning towards the economic yield.

The improved performance under T₂ may be attributed to the combined effect of continuous nutrient supply through fertigation and the addition of organic amendments, which enhanced soil fertility, nutrient availability, and nutrient use efficiency. The results demonstrate that integrated nutrient management through fertigation significantly improves vegetative growth and biomass distribution in ginger, with T₂ emerging as the most effective treatment for maximizing growth and rhizome yield.

Characterization of Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) Germplasm for Agro-Morphological Traits and Blast Disease Resistance

T. S. S. K. Patro — 2026-04-16

Finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Geartn], belongs to family Poaceae, cultivated mainly as a small millet crop in India, and played a key role in fulfilling the nutritional requirements of people. The study aims to assess existing variability in the finger millet core collection, along with a few check varieties for yield and yield attributing traits and blast resistance. A set of 1375 finger millet germplasm accessions, mostly collected from south Asian countries, were evaluated for agro-morphological characters and screened for blast disease resistance. The experiment was conducted at three locations viz., Vizianagamam, Almora and Mandya, during the rainy season of 2021. The trials were laid using an augmented block design with four checks in which two are blast resistant and two are susceptible. The test genotypes characterised for grain yield and its attributing characters, such as days to 50% flowering, number of productive tillers, number of fingers per ear, plant height and also for blast disease screening, include leaf, finger and neck blast. The data was subjected to analysis of variance and principal component analysis to quantify and decipher the variability. The results revealed substantial genetic variability at Vizianagaram and Mandya for all the traits investigated. A total variability of 47% was contributed by the first two principal components. Potential germplasm accessions identified for higher mean grain yield were IC0474063 followed by IC0478862, IC0474067, IC0478827 and IC0474027. The results showed that 43 genotypes out of 1375 are resistant to leaf blast, while 23 genotypes are highly resistant to neck blast and three are highly resistant to finger blast. There is a need of conservation of this potential gene pool and it could be explored to develop lines to widen the genetic variability in finger millet crop improvement.

Mitigation of Button Shedding in Coconut through Nutritional and Hormonal Interventions

D. Shanmugapriya — 2026-04-17

Background: Coconut is a vital perennial tropical crop with major global and socio-economic importance, but its productivity is affected by climatic stress, nutritional deficiencies, and severe button shedding that significantly reduces yield. Button shedding varies from year to year within a variety and it is greater in dwarf palms compared to tall palms. Shedding of buttons and immature nuts may be due to nutritional and hormonal deficiency, pests and diseases, unfavorable environmental conditions, lack of drainage, pollination, and genetic conditions.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of growth regulators and nutrients for the management of button shedding in coconut.

Study Design: The experiment was conducted in a Randomized Complete Block Design.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Coconut Research Station, Balaramapuram, Kerala, India.

Methodology: A survey was conducted to select the West Coast Tall (WCT) palms with uniform age showing significant button shedding. The respective solutions as per different treatments fixed for the study were prepared and administered to the palms through root feeding technique. After imparting different treatments via root feeding, the number of buttons retained in the newly opened inflorescence, biochemical, physiological and yield parameters were observed and recorded for a period of first six months. This was the first report of using Hoagland solution (2X) for the management of button shedding in coconut.

Results: Among the seven treatments, T2 (Hoagland Solution - 2X) showed the lowest button shedding percentage which was followed by T6 (Salicylic Acid - 200 ppm) and T5 (Borax (0.5 g) + 2, 4-D (50 ppm) during the first four months after root feeding. T2 treated palms exhibited the highest photosynthetic and transpiration rates over the six-month period, indicating enhanced physiological performance. Both T2 and T6 treatments maintained higher carbohydrate levels than the control throughout the study. In addition, macronutrient (N, K, Ca, Mg, S) and micronutrient (Fe, Zn, Cu, B, Mn) contents were consistently greater in T2-treated palms, reflecting improved nutritional status and better nut retention following root feeding.

Conclusion: The reduction in button shedding observed in treatments T2, T6, and T5 was closely associated with increased carbohydrate accumulation and enhanced macro- and micronutrient contents in the leaves following root feeding. These improvements indicate that better nutritional status and elevated physiological activity contributed to improved button retention. Overall, the results demonstrate that root feeding with balanced nutrients and growth regulators enhances photosynthetic efficiency, nutrient uptake, and metabolic activity in coconut palms, thereby minimizing early nut drop. This study highlights the effectiveness of Hoagland solution and salicylic acid as practical interventions to improve palm health and reduce button shedding, ultimately supporting higher nut retention and productivity.

Association Studies in Ramnad Mundu Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) Using SSR Markers

Gadha Sreekumar — 2026-04-18

Molecular approaches have gained considerable importance in plant breeding for understanding genetic diversity and improving crop performance. Among these, association mapping has emerged as a powerful tool for identifying relationships between molecular markers and agronomic traits. An investigation encompassing on association studies using ten random SSR markers in twenty five Mundu Chilli families from the crosses viz., PKM CA 32 x PKM CA 33, PKM CA 20 x PKM CA 08, PKM CA 38 x PKM CA 33, PKM CA 32 x PKM CA 20 were studied at the Department of Vegetable science, HC & RI, TNAU, Periyakulam. The SSR markers, CAM 806, CAM 864, CAM 880 and CAM 647 identified the genetic markers associated with yield and quality traits in mundu chilli plants viz., number of fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit girth, plant height, ripe fruit yield per plant, dry fruit yield per plant, which can have significant implications for crop improvement of mundu chilli. Specifically, the marker CAM 806 can be used for the association studies and improvement of traits like number of fruits per plant, plant height, ripe fruit yield per plant, dry fruit yield per plant, protein and total phenols. These molecular markers identified through association mapping can be used further for marker-assisted selection (MAS) in plant breeding and these markers are potentially linked to genes that control the traits, and they serve as tools for plant breeders to select desired traits in future breeding program. The markers CAM 806, CAM 864, CAM 880 and CAM 647 can be used to differentiate different traits and can be used effectively in the crop improvement of mundu chilli.

Comparative Analysis of Socio-Economic and Psychological Characteristics of Farmers under Farmer FIRST Programme in Morena District, India

Mukul Kirar — 2026-04-20

The present study examined the Comparative analysis of the Farmer FIRST Programme on the socio-economic and Psychological Characteristics of Farmers in Morena District, Madhya Pradesh. An ex-post facto research design was employed with a sample of 120 farmers comprising 60 beneficiaries and 60 non-beneficiaries. Data were collected using a structured interview schedule and analyzed using mean and standard deviation methods. The findings revealed that FFP beneficiaries were relatively younger, better educated and possessed larger landholdings compared to non-beneficiaries. Beneficiaries also reported higher annual income, greater use of information sources, stronger extension contact and higher exposure to mass media. In terms of psychological attributes, beneficiaries showed higher levels of economic motivation, scientific orientation and risk-taking ability. The results indicate that the Farmer FIRST Programme has contributed positively to improving farmers’ socio-economic conditions and strengthening their readiness to adopt innovative agricultural practices.

Urbanization and Its Impact on Land Surface Temperature: A Case Study in Coastal Odisha, India

Raina Thomas — 2026-04-20

The East and South Eastern Coastal Plain Zone (ESECPZ) of Odisha, situated along the eastern coast of India, present a mosaic of urban and rural regions. The present study aims to estimate the land use land cover change and extent of urbanization in ESECPZ over the span of two decades, from 2000 to 2020. Multi-year Landsat data underwent supervised maximum likelihood classification to estimate LULC change. The ESECPZ of Odisha underwent substantial transformations during the study period. Forest cover decreased from 33.95% to 18.98%, agricultural land decreased from 24.98% to 21.84%, as against the settlements which surged from 21.52% to 39.67%. The maximum, minimum and average Land Surface Temperature (LST) showed steady increase during the period of study. About 5°C increase in the minimum LST range and 3°C increase in maximum LST were recorded. The increase in LST was attributed to the expansion of settlement areas and reduction in the vegetation cover due to population growth and urbanization. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) showed gradual decreasing and increasing trends, respectively. Strong positive correlation was found between LST and NDBI while a strong negative correlation was found between LST and NDVI during all the years under study. This research provides valuable insights into the often-overlooked impacts of urbanization on (LST) and vegetation cover; the findings offer a positive outlook for the future, providing a foundation for forward-thinking initiatives aimed at addressing these environmental challenges.

Impact of Grid Parity on the Integration of Renewable Energy in Cameroon’s Electricity Market

G. F. Oniassen Moutok — 2026-04-20

The integration of renewable energies becoming crucial in the electricity market. Cameroon has set the target of achieving 25% share of renewables in its energy mix by 2030. The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of grid parity on Cameroon’s electricity market. The methodology involved conducting an assesment of Cameroon’s electricy system, then, using a questionnaire and open-ended interviews with electrical engineering experts, identifying the factors that hindering grid parity, and carrying out an analysis using quality tools such as the Ishikawa diagram, SWOT, PESTEL and Pareto diagram, to finally develop a strategic action plan using the 3P framework. The results show that from 2019 to 2024, the integration rate ranges from 0.04% to 0.84% according to the 2011 law governing Cameroon’s electricity sector on renewable energies, and under the same conditions, from 2024 to 2030, the rate would evolve according to three scenarios, the high scenario at 3%; the median scenario at 2% and the low scenario at 1%. Based on feedback from the experts, 59 causes have been identified, including 21 weaknesses and 12 threats. The predominant causes are technical or technological, social, economic and political factors, which account fort 80% of the factor influencing the system and, consequently, 20% of the barriers to grid parity. We have therefore proposed a strategic action plan comprising four priority actions; (i) popularising techniques and technologies, (ii) strengthening the participation of social stakeholders in the planning and management of renewable energies, (iii) promoting mechanisms for procurement of green installations, (iv) updating national policy.

Nutrient and Land-Use Management Effects on Water Resource Nutrient Pollution in a Hilly Watershed

V. Kasthuri Thilagam — 2026-04-21

The conservation and sustainable management of natural resources have become a vital part of development programmes globally. Nutrient and sediment losses from watersheds are strongly influenced by morphometry, land use, and hydrological characteristics. This study evaluates spatial patterns of water quality and nutrient transport across different reaches of the Sillahalla watershed. The watershed was stratified into three elevation-based reaches viz., lower (<2200 m), middle (2200–2400 m) and upper (2400–2630 m), and integrated grab samples were collected thrice during the monsoon period (June–August 2016). A total of 14 physicochemical parameters, including major ions and nutrient indicators, were analysed using standard laboratory procedures. Analysis of 14 physicochemical parameters revealed that most water quality indicators, including pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, and major ions, were within permissible limits for irrigation use. However, nitrate concentrations showed a progressive increase from upper (23.5 mg L⁻¹) to lower reaches (55.5 mg L⁻¹), with the lower reach exceeding the recommended limit, indicating potential risks for water quality. Elevated Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) in the lower reach further suggested contamination from organic and anthropogenic sources. The (Nutrient Pollution Index) NPI for Nitrogen in the lower reach is 1.23 and exceeds the NPI limit of 1 indicating the potential water pollution, and the NPI for P indicates no pollution. However, the combined NPI also indicates the nutrient pollution in Lower reaches. Further, Agricultural Non-Point Source (AGNPS) model was employed to simulate nutrient losses under different management scenarios, including existing farmer practices, 25% and 50% reductions in fertilizer application, and a land-use change scenario involving partial conversion to tea plantations. Based on this result, ready reckoner for fertilizer recommendation was developed for potato and carrot with the STCR equations. This can be readily utilized by the Sillahalla watershed farmers. The study underscores the need for integrated approaches involving farmers, researchers, and policymakers to prioritise soil erosion control and sustainable land management practices. Adoption of site-specific, cost-effective, and climate-resilient soil and water conservation measures, supported by appropriate incentives, can significantly enhance on-field implementation. Overall, the research advocates for a participatory and sustainable watershed management framework to minimise nutrient losses, protect water resources, and ensure long-term agricultural sustainability in hilly regions.

Effectiveness of DAMUs in Farm Planning and Agro-Advisories: Evidence from Birbhum and Malda Districts of West Bengal, India

Krishnendu Mondal — 2026-04-21

The current research study measured the role of Districts Agro-Meteorological Units (DAMUs) in planning and management of farms by performing an opinion-based assessment on the agro-advisory services in Birbhum and Malda districts. Purposive and random sampling were used to select 80 respondents (40 beneficiaries and 40 non-beneficiaries). The structured interview schedule was used to gather data that were analysed using the Mann Whitney U test. The findings reveal that beneficiaries had significantly higher levels of education, personal media contact, mass media exposure, household status, landholding, cultivated land, and total income compared to non‑beneficiaries, with all these differences being statistically significant (p < 0.01). No significant differences were observed in age and farming experience between the two groups. Beneficiaries perceived DAMU as significantly improving decision‑making, crop intensity, and production, with strong agreement on enhanced irrigation and spray decisions, higher cropping intensity, and lower irrigation costs (p < 0.001). They also reported greater dependency on external agencies and increased disparities among farmers, while views on DAMU’s inability to prevent natural calamities remained similar across groups. Overall, DAMU was seen as a key enabler of on‑farm adaptive choices rather than a signal change in beliefs about climate risks. Beneficiaries showed significantly higher use of DAMU‑linked mobile advisories (text messages and WhatsApp), with 100% frequent use of texts and 80% frequent WhatsApp use, while non‑beneficiaries relied more on state agricultural department. Non‑beneficiaries used other social media, indicating a statistically distinct pattern of advisory‑source preference between two groups.

The Role of ChatGPT in Enhancing Education: Evaluating Its Performance in Veterinary Physiology Assessments

Rachana Sharma — 2026-04-21

Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly Generative Pre-trained Transformers (GPT) like OpenAI’s ChatGPT, has shown remarkable potential in revolutionising educational practices, primarily through its capacity to produce text that mimics human writing. This research evaluates ChatGPT's performance in addressing veterinary physiology exam questions, emphasising both subjective and objective question formats aligned with the MSVE-2016 curriculum. An observational cross-sectional study was carried out at the College of Veterinary Sciences, Rampura Phul, using ChatGPT 3.5 to respond to theory-based and multiple-choice (MCQ) exam papers. The AI demonstrated notable success with subjective questions, securing a 66% score. However, it encountered more difficulty with objective questions, achieving only 54%. These outcomes underscore the dual nature of ChatGPT's role as an educational aid in veterinary physiology—it offers promise but also reveals limitations. To maximise its effectiveness, it is recommended to apply it under the guidance of educators, ensuring accuracy and reliability. Additionally, there is a clear need to further refine the AI’s capabilities, especially in handling intricate, fact-based, and visual queries. Expanding AI training datasets with a specific focus on veterinary science will be crucial in enhancing its educational effectiveness moving forward.

Energy Budgeting of Integrated Organic Farming System under Irrigated Ecology

Gaurav V. Mitkar — 2026-04-22

Efficient energy utilization plays a crucial role in improving the productivity and sustainability of agricultural systems, particularly within integrated organic farming frameworks. The present study was conducted during 2023–24 at Centre of Organic Agriculture Research and Training, Dr. PDKV, Akola, to evaluate the energy dynamics of an Integrated Organic Farming System (IOFS) comprising five interlinked components: crops, vegetables, livestock, vermicomposting and a nutritional garden. Energy inputs and outputs of each component were quantified and expressed in energy equivalents to derive key indices such as energy use efficiency, net energy return, energy profitability and energy productivity. The results indicated considerable variation in energy use patterns among the system components. The livestock component recorded the highest energy input (58,987.12 MJ), primarily due to feed requirements, followed by vegetables (3,733.06 MJ) and crops (2,019.88 MJ). In terms of output, livestock also contributed the highest energy (42,910.20 MJ), followed by crops (24,823.93 MJ) and vegetables (7,840.92 MJ). However, the crop component exhibited superior performance in terms of energy use efficiency (12.39), net energy return (22,804.05 MJ), and energy profitability (11.29). Conversely, livestock and the nutritional garden showed negative net energy returns, indicating relatively higher energy consumption. Energy productivity was highest in the vermicomposting unit (1.21 kg MJ⁻¹), highlighting its efficiency in resource recycling. A substantial proportion of total energy input across the system was derived from renewable sources, reflecting the reduced dependence on non-renewable energy and the sustainability potential of the IOFS under irrigated conditions.

Comparative Diagnostic Performance of Short-Term Glycemic Markers and HbA1c for Diabetes and Prediabetes: A Systematic Review

Noelyn N. Fontanoza-Cedonio — 2026-03-25

Background: Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is widely used for the diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes, but its diagnostic performance may be affected by conditions such as altered erythrocyte lifespan, hemoglobinopathies, chronic kidney disease, and pregnancy. Short-term glycemic markers, including glycated albumin, fructosamine, and 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG), have been proposed as alternative or complementary biomarkers, particularly in settings where HbA1c may be less reliable. This systematic review synthesized evidence on the comparative diagnostic performance of HbA1c and short-term glycemic markers for the detection of diabetes and prediabetes.

Methods: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Electronic databases searched included PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar for studies published in English since January 2011. Eligible studies evaluated HbA1c and/or at least one short-term glycemic marker against recognized glucose-based reference standards such as fasting plasma glucose or oral glucose tolerance testing. Data on study characteristics, index tests, reference standards, and reported diagnostic performance measures were extracted and synthesized narratively because of heterogeneity in study populations, assay methods, and diagnostic thresholds.

Results: Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria. HbA1c was the most extensively evaluated biomarker and generally demonstrated high specificity but variable sensitivity for diabetes detection across populations. Reported HbA1c sensitivity ranged from 45.5% to 89.4%, specificity from 80.0% to 100%, and area under the curve (AUC) from 0.73 to 0.970. Glycated albumin showed moderate to good diagnostic performance, with AUC values ranging from 0.550 to 0.951, sensitivity from 27.3% to 77.5%, and specificity from 65.5% to 99.2%. 1,5-AG demonstrated variable performance depending on population and clinical context, with AUC values up to 0.850. Fructosamine was less frequently studied but showed promising performance in selected populations, particularly where HbA1c interpretation may be limited, such as in children with β-thalassemia major. Several studies also suggested that combining biomarkers improved diagnostic sensitivity and case detection compared with single-test approaches.

Conclusion: HbA1c remains the most established and clinically useful biomarker for diabetes diagnosis because of its convenience, standardization, and generally high specificity. However, its sensitivity is inconsistent across populations and clinical settings. Short-term glycemic markers, particularly glycated albumin and fructosamine, may provide complementary diagnostic value, especially in conditions where HbA1c is less reliable or where recent glycemic exposure is of interest. A multimarker approach may improve the detection of diabetes and prediabetes in selected clinical contexts.

Digital Agricultural Journalism in India: A Review of Evolution, Integration with Extension, and Strategies for Strengthening

Anuhya Pola — 2026-04-08

Digital technologies have fundamentally reshaped the landscape of agricultural journalism in India, transforming how agricultural information is produced, disseminated, and consumed across a nation where agriculture remains the primary livelihood for a substantial proportion of the population. This review article traces the historical evolution of agricultural journalism in India, from its colonial origins in print-based farm publications to the contemporary era characterised by web portals, mobile applications, social media platforms, and multimedia content. The article examines the conceptual foundations that underpin agricultural journalism in the digital age, drawing upon theories of development communication, diffusion of innovations, and knowledge systems. A central focus of this review is the increasingly blurred boundary between digital agricultural journalism and agricultural extension services, as both domains converge around the shared objective of disseminating actionable knowledge to farming communities. The review critically analyses the role of government-led digital initiatives, including the Digital India programme, mKisan, e-NAM, and Kisan Suvidha, in augmenting journalistic and extension functions. Furthermore, the article identifies persistent challenges, including the digital divide, linguistic and literacy barriers, content quality concerns, misinformation, and the economic sustainability of digital agricultural media. Drawing upon an extensive review of the peer-reviewed literature published between 2005 and 2026, supplemented by relevant policy reports from international organisations, the article proposes a suite of strategies for strengthening digital agricultural journalism in India. These strategies encompass capacity building for agricultural journalists, public–private partnerships, leveraging emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and data analytics, strengthening vernacular content ecosystems, and fostering institutional integration between journalism and extension systems. The review concludes that a coherent, multi-stakeholder approach is imperative to harness the full potential of digital agricultural journalism as an instrument of rural development and agricultural modernisation in India.